
Class 

Book 

Copyright N° 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



sUJUJ^ ix ■ /o*"mk> 



MANUAL 

OF THE 

PRINCIPLES, 
WORD-SIGNS, CONTRACTIONS, AND PHRASES 

OF THE 

MUNSON-BARRETT , . 

SYSTEM OF; )\V 

SHORTHAND 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 

DEC 30 1903 

/Copyright Entry 
CLASS o- ^ XXccNo, 

5 UpyV 



< u 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1903, by 

Charles R. Barrett, 

in the office of the Librarian, at Washington. 



PREFACE. 

'""PHIS Manual of Shorthand is intended to meet the demand for a 
A short amanuensis course. It includes all the principles, practical 
word-signs, contractions, and phrases of the Munson-Barrett system. 
The lessons comprise such a vocabulary as is used in the various lines 
of business correspondence and in court reporting. The engraving in 
the reading exercises has been done with such care as will make the 
lessons a guide to good work on the part of the student. 

Having included in the following lessons the best ideas gained 
from twenty-one years' experience in teaching and in the association 
with able co-workers, I am justified in the belief that this work, as a 
shorthand text-book, is complete c 

CHARLES R. BARRETT. 




DIAGRAM OF CONSONANTS. 



MUNSON-BARRETT 

system: of shorthand. 



No system of shorthand ever invented has stood the test in every 
possible application of its use as has the Munson. It is acknowledged 
to be the standard system. Its reputation is world-wide. While it is 
one of the oldest systems, it is, through revisions, the most modern. 
We challenge any author of a short hand text-book to show a system 
and a book in favorable comparison with ours in point of brevity of 
rules, arrangement of lessons, and general completeness. Our book 
contains no unnecessary matter for the sake of size. The system is 
concise and complete in its rules and outlines. 

SIMPLE, SHORT, AXD RAPID. 

It is so simple that the ordinarily intelligent student has little 
difficulty in learning to write it and to read it. It meets the severest 
tests any system of shorthand can be required to undergo — the 
demands of the amanuensis and the court reporter. 

This book embodies the practical knowledge gained from my 
teaching experience of nineteen years in The Athenaeum of Chicago— 
the largest shorthand department in the United States. The adapta- 
tion of the reporting and corresponding styles of the original Munson 
system to practical school work is my labor of years. The system to- 
day is popularly known as the Munson- Barrett. 

The remarkable success in our shorthand department is due to 
our system and the conscientious work of twelve experienced teachers. 

Charles R. Barrett, A. M., 

Superintendent of the Athenaeum. 



MANUAL OP SHORTHAND. 



INSTRUCTION. 



Learn the Consonants on the following page. 

Oblique consonants (as P, J, and F) and perpendicular consonants 
(as T, D, and Th) are written downward. Horizontal consonants 
(as K, M, and NG) are written from left to right. 

Exceptions. — SH, L, and R are always written upward. 
R should be written on more slant than CH. 

Consonants should be carefully written as to length and shading, 
as shown in "Table of Consonants" on the following page. 



TABLE OF CONSONANTS. 



\ P 7 SH ish 

\ B _j SH she, written upward 



I T 

I D 

/ CH chay 

/ J 

K 

O gay 

V. F 

^ V 

/ _, . , ^ R ree, written upward 

(, Th lth 



J ZH. zhee 

^ M 

^ N 

^ NG ing 

r l 

C L lee, written upward 

^ R er 



( TH the ^ W Way 

) S r Y yay 

) Z ^ H hay 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



RULES FOR LESSON 1, 



1. — The vowel letters are represented by dots and dashes. 
A heavy dot at the middle of a consonant has the sound of lo?ig a. 
A heavy dash at the middle of a consonant has the sound of lojig 6. 

Read oblique and perpendicular consonants and the attending 
vowels from left to right. Read horizontal consonants and the attend- 
ing vowels downward. 

In writing, make the consonantyfny/ and then the vowel. 

Throughout the lessons capital letters represent consonants, and 
small letters represent circles, loops, and hooks, except when other- 
wise indicated. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 

LESSON 1. 

READING EXERCISE. 

\ -.A __L I ____./....../. 

^__^_J_JL )__)_jl_^ 



_2> C. ^ . 

._J!___^ ; .__tl_J__-Lj f 

.h_...).:.......\......^ k.._i(__..(-_^. 

^ ^_._^*_._^_..u.__r.__/*L 

j£ I- ' I- -I 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 1. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
Pay day say gay age aid they low 
so ache no though oath show bay owed. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 



LESSON 1. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
They aim low. So they know. They may say so. 
They aid no foe. So they may know no way. Though 
they may aid. They show no age. They weigh no hay. 
They say they may pay. Though they show no aid. 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



RULES FOR LESSON 2. 



LONG VOWEL-SCALE. 

2. — First position : "|y~ a as in arm. \ £ as iu fall. 

Second " »| *f a as in ale. -\ (? as in note. 

Third " J /" e as in eat. J f~ l oo as in food. 

The vowel positions number from the beginning of the con- 
sonant. They run downward on oblique and perpendicular 
consonants \ :J Is from left to right on horizontal consonants 
LJLii l A^ and upward on L, R, and SH (f 3 s(* -J,° 

The vowel determines the position of the consonant with refer- 
ence to the line, and their positions correspond. 



First position: 
Second " 
Third " 



^ I- )>. 



-./- -A 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES, 



13 



LESSON 2. 



READING EXERCISE. 



/- C c 



— \v 



\ 



vf- 



r 



■r- 



,/ 



■ 



i. 



/"• 



>__i. 



14 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 





LESSON 2. 




WRITING EXERCISE. 


May 


say no lay way aim 


hoe ail 


show shoe pa pay pe; 


ine all 


ail eel saw law ought 



though hay 
in a may 
ate eat. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 15 



LESSON 2. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 

Who saw me? They know all. They saw me pay you. 
You say we owed you. Show each key. They know we 
saw you. You may row all day. They say no law may 
aid you. They all know who saw me. You pay us. 
Though they show no aid. 



1 6 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



RULES FOR LESSON 3. 



3. — First position : 
Second ' ' 
Third <■ 



SHORT VOWEL-SCALE. 

I a as in at or air. 
•\ e as in met. 
i as in it. 



I o as in on. 
-\ u as in up. 
J oo as in foot. 



TABLE OF DIPHTHONGS. 

4. — TheyzVs/ three diphthongs occupy first position. The fourth 
diphthong occupies the third position. 

II i as ill aisle. 
c \ oy as in boy. 
| ow as in bough. 
Third J ew as in view. 



5. — When two vowels occur together, either before or after a con- 
sonant, the vowel that is sounded first is written nearer the consonant. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 1 7 



LESSON 3. 



READING EXERCISE. 



z... 


../.. 




x : 


) 


1 


-_V- _- 


'/* 


4 


\ \ 


r 


r ( v 


K^ 


f 










c 


J 1 


1 


j- 


c 


\ r 


/' 


^ 


1 c 


\ 




\ _ 












\> 


~-x— 




-w- 


— v*— 


-)--- 


— — 


s> 


5 


1 


) 


^ 


_*_.J 


.__ ^ .___ 












| 






V 


) 


J _ __ 


1,- -- 


1 


■ 






y 


< __^ 


3... 


r 


._„./•:_____ 


"V-- 


-i^ 



i8 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 3. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 

At odd add us up in if on by nv 
lie tie buy dye boy joy toy coy bow 
mow bougb out cow due pew cue sue 

avow issue 
auew payee 



view 


lieu obey 


adieu 


ago 


annoy 


away allow 


alloy 


alia) 


idea 


iota boa. 







READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 1 9 



LESSON 3. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
We saw it. You annoy me. We allow no fee. We 
issue no key. They may say adieu. How may we see 
you? They know how you obey. We know they may be 
ill. If they allow it. Show how they may add it. It 
may aid us if we show it. They see it may be so. 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



RULES FOR LESSON 4. 



6. — All first and all lo?ig second position vowels are written to the 
consonant that precedes them, i L 

All short second and all third position vowels are written to the 
consonant that follows them, — -N-^.- I X- — O 

The accented vowel determines the position of the first ob- 
lique or perpendicular consonant if there is one in the word, 



H-t 



7. — Words spelled alike, but pronounced differently, 



-Before K or G, n has the sound of NG. 



9. — Silent letters are omitted, and consonants are written only 

A I" ' 

for sounds actually heard, — ' — 



10. — Many words end with a final e, which simply indicates that 
the preceding vowel has its long sound, _ <__ ^ ripe ; V^— ^ fame. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 



LESSON 4. 



READING EXERCISE. 






1 



-v- 



^ 



? X _>. 



Zl 



10 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 4. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 

Much fetch touch catch page reach robe 

cheap cash came talk make money many 

lake like look take tame took deem beg 

back book keep package copy occupy check 

judge also enough bulk voyage week 

month awake allowed inch faith ride 
rode knowing deny both damage dockage 
leakage. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 23 



LESSON 4 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
Make no copy. No damage allowed. Patch copy on 
back page. Make it take in both. Ship package on Mon- 
day. Check baggage. Cash check at bank. It may take 
all week. They say many came back. They pay cash. 
They fear nothing. Many deem it lucky. Keep both in 
shape. Show no item. 



24 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



RULES FOR LESSON 5. 



11.— -When j begins a word, the circle is used, and is written on 
the right of oblique and perpendicular consonants, and on the inside 
of curved consonants. The circle is also used in the middle and at 
the end of words, and has the sound of s or z. 

Where straight consonants form an angle, the circle is written on 

the outside, tzz _^J y^z... Where a straight and a 

curved consonant join, the circle is written on the inside of the 

curve, ■■ — *»!_• [i Where two curved consonants join, the 

circle is written on the inside of the first consonant _ / ^? s r^_. 

A circle written at the end of an outline is always the final 
sound, — V l\ — 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 



25 



11 



---!- 



LESSON 5. 



READING EXERCISE. 



A....J. 



JL 



c. 



£ 



J- 



u 



-1 



*f 



t 






/X* 



/■ 



\; 



^ 



>- 



d \ 



3L 



^t" 



.t__h_. 



VI- 



u 



Vi- 



v^ 



2 6 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 5. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 

Such sale seem sell seller sales days 

weeks books copies invoice notice likes 

keeps sanie« signs makes box pages reaches 

mislay passage duties deposit opposite pays 

always takes since task offset office space 

leads risk reasons rising missing buys 

names passing dozen business exceeds desires 
receives receipt. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 27 



LESSON 5. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
P_eceive receipts soon. Loss shows in many ways. Be 
wise in business. They refuse taking such risks. This 
suit may cause loss in business. Sell out. They may 
dismiss this case. Reduce police force. Some loss shows 
this month. It satisfies me. They oppose such schemes. 
Those books may make you famous. Take notice. 
It may expose lax ways. Make no excuse. 



28 MANUAL OP SHORTHAND. 



RULES FOR LESSON 6. 



12. — When s is immediately followed by two concurrent vowels, 
or two concurrent vowels precede an s or z at the end of a word, the 
consonant is used, _ „.___N . Always use the consonant for 

z at the beginning of a word, whether it is preceded by a vowel or 
not, 



13. — When s is the first consonant sound, preceded by a vowel, 
the consonant is used, J- — } 



14 — When 5 or z is the final consonant sound and is followed by 
a vowel, use the consonant, \ If the consonant sound is 



final, use the circle, £ 



X 



15. — The double s circle is used at the beginning, middle, or end 
of words to represent any of the combinations, ces, cis, ses, sis, and 
sus. If an accented vowel is heard between the s sounds, it is vocal- 
ized inside the circle, I 

16 17. — When st begins a word, or is used in the middle of a 
word, or an st or zd sound ends a word, use the st loop, _j__*L__X, 

The sir loop is used in the middle and at the end of words, {T 

The plural is formed after st and sir loops and double ^ circles by 
writing a small circle on the back of the consonant, \g y- <? 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 29 



LESSON 6. 



READING EXERCISE. 

L 



■V- -3 & t 



,. JL. fe .. > 



-? £-- v 



1 



r 



/.__.._.v__:\. 






17 






30 MANUAL, OF SHORTHAND- 



LESSON G. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
Science chaos says ask assume aside 

espouse escape zero also lass days daisy 
passes chooses basis paces pieces decisive 

exhaust steady styles steel state stood fast 
least must most cast faced invest best 
just lowest dusty assist stocks used master 
mixture texture investor investors paymaster 
possess possesses possessed resist necessity 

infused induce induced induces rest justify. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 31 



LESSON 6. 

WRITING EXERCISE. 

Sell boxes at cost. Resist sales if loss shows. Losses 
yesterday make most stocks seem less in size. Some test 
exposed it. Sell all cases at cost this week. Necessity 
justifies it. Show all styles. Such hasty excuses expose 
weaknesses. It possesses accuracy. Haste makes waste. 
Invest in stocks. They fixed it up. They announced 
visitors. Last invoice shows those items. 



32 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 

RULES FOR LESSON 7. 



18. — SH is generally used at the beginning of a word for the sh 

sound, _s^___. In the middle of a word SH or SH may be used, 

according to convenience, ^Py y___/s-^_ 

19. — When / is the only consonant sound in a word, or begins a 

word, L is used, __„___ /i rzzs-^ When / is the first consonant sound 

in a word, preceded by a vowel, and followed by a horizontal conso- 
nant, L is used, / — O- When /, whether preceded by a vowel 
or not, is followed by a downward stroke, L is used, ._s/_\_y-i__ 
In the middle of words, L or L may be used, according to con- 
venience, v/^"^ 9 r 

Exceptions : — L is written after N and NG, and L after M and 

H, whether followed by a vowel or not, A_*_ •W^-£_ 

When / is followed by M, and the M followed by P or B, L is used, 



20. — R is used when r begins a word unless the r is followed by 



M or H, in which case R is used, % ^^ 



When r, at the beginning of a word, is preceded by a vowel, use R 
unless the r is followed by Th, TH, CH, or J, when R\s> always used 



21. — When sh, /, or r is a final sound, use the downward 

stroke, "\" f~~ ~\r~ When sh, /, or r is a final consonant 

sound and followed by a vowel, use the upward stroke, ---\J7-- 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 



33 



18 



■3 



,a- 



yf. 



LESSON 7. 



READING EXERCISE. 



ii> 






^ t 



20 



..... A..-....!).... ^t 



21 



3" 






Vf_ 



\y^- 



r-r 



34 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 7 



WRITING EXERCISE. 

Law allow like look leave follow fully 
duly delay highly family bills files feels 
vessels avails alike always also although 

wisely follows sash tissue pulley arm argue 
early earliest reach rich reduce reduced 

reduces rage urge earth leaks fails ream 
rope ropes mislay bear berry door hurry 
carry secure weary thorough appears appeals 
lower daily earnestly territory outlook 

to-morrow customary hastily. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 35 



LESSON 7. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
Urge early sales. They seem just alike, hourly or 
daily. Always reason wisely. Hurry up. Rush along. 
Push sales. Such failures alarm dealers. It appears 
wholly false. The}? occupy cheap rooms. All dealers de- 
sire best facilities. Remove empty boxes. They may 
resume business soon. They dislike delay. It became 
necessary since last week. Show itemized bill. 



36 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



RULES FOR LESSON 8. 



22 23. — The / and r hooks are written at the beginning of 
consonants, but read immediately after them. The / hook, 
__ c A__L^LSL_<^_ Tbe rkook, ..cr„Aj„AL_w_. 

24-25. — An I ox r hook may be joined to a preceding consonant. 
Where consonants form an angle, a small shoulder represents the 
hook, __V___ 

26. — The last rule in the preceding lesson governing consonants, 
written upward and downward, apply to them when they have an / or 
r hook, -W-^--. 

27. — The outline Rl ^ _ is used when rel begins a word, 
and also at the end of an outline, whether the word ends with a vowel 
or not, 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 37 



LESSON 8. 



READING EXERCISE. 



_jL_L.js_i_..i;. v -\_L_.'|_ 



27 



38 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
Play ply dry class classes claims press 
pressed prices place placed places please 

pleased pleases produce produced propose 

proposes clasp papers local proceed trouble 
proper properly protest simple sample imply 
grasp employs embrace impress impressed 

promise promises frame offers free through 
reply favors favorable labor label progress 
cheaper barrel nearly clearly liable shippers 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 39 



LESSON 8. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
Make papers payable to-morrow. Shippers seemed 
pleased. They nearly lost it. Be agreeable in manner. 
They make many errors. See claim file. Remove labels 
soon. Those trucks make trouble. Trust customers on 
small invoices. He impresses me favorably. We redeem 
all pledges. All business increased last month. They 
grasp such ideas. It promises success. 



40 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



RULES FOR LESSON 9. 



28. — For obtaining brief and more convenient outlines, special 
vocalization is used with consonants having an I ox r hook. A small 
circle written before the consonant indicates a long dot vowel, . 1 _, 
after the consonant, a short dot vowel, _j__ and is read between the 
consonant and hook. Dash vowels and diphthongs are written 
through the consonants, or at the end, that they may not interfere 
with a hook, _^zz 

29-30. — The ^ circle may be written on the inside of all /hooks, 
and on the inside of r hooks on curved consonants, and is read 



"X 



first, „'___- <\ On straight consonants an s circle, double 



s circle, or st loop is closed on the r hook side to imply the use of the 

T 
r hook, _ [ _q 

31. — The r may be omitted in such words as subscribe. 

32. — A large initial hook, called the w hook may be written on 
the / hook side of any straight consonant, 

33. — The syllables en, in, and un may be prefixed to any straight 

consonant that has an s circle on the r hook side ___.; also to 

any curved consonant that has an initial circle, by a small curve 
begun on the side opposite the s circle, _^V._. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCIS ES. 



LESSON 9. 



READING EXERCISE. 



28 



"7 



C-* J 



j. 



«*T.. 



r_____i 

80 \\_. 



0--0 



29 



_<L. 



,L. 



-v-f-ir--e- 



k---w- 

Vl\ 32 



r 



/V 



33 



^ * 



42 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 9. 



Dear tell 
course rule 



work 

social 

spruce 

useful 

express 



WRITING EXERCISE. 

care more nor sure wear zeal 
very courage sharp 



roll their 

mark endure sail assail settle satchel 

summer civil supper supply sprig 

display spring disable disclose disclaim 

peaceful disagree extra extremely 

twice twist unscrew unsociable. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 43 



LESSON 9. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 

Destroy all telegrams. We request receipts. They 
disagree on extra prices. Wire more express calls. Such 
marks look coarse. Careless manners always displease. 
Ship near factory. Local supplies show small daily 
receipts. Decide on some useful rule. This settles my 
claim. Subscribers take books at reasonable prices. It 
requires more money. 



44 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 

RULES FOR LESSON 10, 



34. - -The f and v hooks are small fi?ial hooks, written on the 
circle side of straight consonants, _J\, cv _ 

35. — The n hook is a small final hook, written on the r hook side 
of straight consonants. It is also ayz#£/hook on the inside of curved 
consonants, .\__J' • 

36. — When the consonant sound is final, the hook is used. 
When the consonant sound is followed by a vowel, the consonant is 
used, U I 

37. — The syllables shun (sion and Hon) are indicated by a large 
final hook on the inside of curves, and on the/" hook side of straight 
consonants, _ [•_ Words ending with s or z circle, followed by 
shun, are written with the s circle and the ishun curve, _\_...l 

38 — The ter and ther hooks are large final hooks, written on the 
n hook side of consonants, _N>_ v Final det is usually written D 

with the r hook, . 1 

39. — A small circle may be written on the inside of hooks to 
form plurals, I ^o The circles and loops are closed, finally, on 
the n hook side of straight consonants to imply the use of the n hook, 
but on curved consonants the circle is written on the inside of hooks, 

.J! ._ /5^--.JWs>v. The s circle is added to the ishun curve to form 

plurals, • . Final hooks are used in the middle of words. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 45 



LESSON 10. 



READING EXERCISE. 



_3JL__.„ N -.____X..___\__--^ L__^\__.._—3P._A. 



- -- ,_ # _, Vv. 

._^__„».„.'.L_L ia __^_^!„._I3__ 



4 (( U-» k_p U_^ U_s vjp 



46 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 10. 

WRITING EXERCISE. 

Brave brief bluff prove improve drive 
upon done ton then than open again 
train grain sustain outline man main pen 
penny many money option occasion notion 
action position decision possession better 

butter debtor creditors gather writer greater 
drives veins actions occasions plans chance 
chanced against lines loans positions decisions 
advance define occasional transactions directions 
attentions balance exceptions inspections 

expense extension reliable unreliable arrange. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 47 



LESSON 10. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
This plan requires proper attention. Patrons require 
all work properly done. Examine copy in my office to- 
morrow. They obtain better prices since removal. This 
decision settles all claims. Strong plans often fail. 
Furnish papers in my claim. Work properly done means 
work wisely done. No obligation in invoice values covers 
this remittance. Customers require full balance shown in 
receipts. Plenty means enough. Proceed along these 
lines. This serves all purposes. 



48 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



RULES FOR LESSON 11. 

41. — Doubling the length of curved consonants adds tr, dr, or 
ther. The positions of horizontal doubledength curves are the same 
as full-length consonants. __; ^^^^L-IS^—-^'™ 

The positions of the downward double-length consonants are as 
follows : 

First position : Resting on the line, \ 

Second position : Half through the line, .r^V.. 

Third position: Two-thirds of the consonant below the line, ^v. ._. 

The positions of the upward double-length consonants are : 

First position : Beginning one-third 
of a full-length consonant above the line, 

Second position : Beginning at the line, 

Third position : Beginning one-third of a full-length consonant 
below the line, /-- 

42-43. — If straight consonants end with an f } v, or n hook, 
they are lengthened for tr, dr, or ther. ^\~\ s \'" All final hooks 

are read before the lengthening principle. Final circles are read last. 

44. — Special vocalization is read between the consonant sounds of 
the added syllable. v__^- — -\^-~- 




READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 



49 



LESSON 11. 



READING EXERCISE. 



41 



"V; 



CL 



^ 



43 



^ 



44 



50 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 11. 

WRITING EXERCISE. 

Matter under enter neither after letter 

later alter orders undertake undertook pointer 

painter tender render remainder matters enters 

better gather planter printers enterprise center 
flatter encounter interfere interpose. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 51 



LESSON 11. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
We receive orders by letter or telegram. Matters may 
improve later this month. They undertook it after showing 
better service. All printers make blunders. This shows 
enterprise. Display wares on open counters. Place this 
near center. You interfere in many matters. Make claim 
under signature. Order spring stock in winter. Render 
quick service. Fill grain elevators. No items enter into 
this. 



52 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



RULES FOR LESSON 12. 



45. — All half-length consonants add / or d finally except L and 
R, which are half-length for t only, unless they begin with a circle, 
hook, or loop, or end with a hook. _^__ c __<_\_ r\ __f_jC_<C_. 

The positions of oblique and perpendicular half-length con- 
sonants are : 

First position : Half a full-length consonant above the line, ^ 
Second position : Resting on the line, ^ _ 
Third position : Just below the line, ■»-- 

46. — Final hooks are read before the added / or d. _^ (^ _ 
Final circles and loops are read after the / or d. ..A..^l..JL. . 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 53 



LESSON 12. 



READING EXERCISE. 



45 



.*_,o_Jl_.^_...s __.,__..,._.__ 



__ *f- , ___^f «K d\. 



■<? X " , f° % 



^.v-:»_a._ _t.._ s ....2_.*i_ i .I.JL 



>»- : ^ ___A 



54 MANUAL, OF SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 12. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 

Note got get dates debts rates rents 

meets made let late wait offered dent sent 

freights trades quite proved gathered drafts 

bonds points sold stands slights put deeds 
east lands hands goods kinds. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 55 



LESSON 12. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 

Make remittance by draft. They print such mat- 
ters. You bought late goods. Avoid increasing expenses. 
They sold entire lot very easily. This put me in bad light 
toward patrons. Many doubt it. It occurred recently. 
Display goods later in season. Grant my favor. Lo- 
cal rates seem cheap. Send rate sheet. You wrote dates, 
debts, deeds, needs all alike: 



56 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



RULES FOR LESSON 13. 



47. — Half-length consonants may be writte.i at the beginning, 

middle, or end of words, ^ \-f' 

F 
48. — A full-length and a half-length consonant must not be joined 

when both are straight, unless they form an angle. If no angle is 

formed, full-length consonants are used, \ K or G must not 

be half-length after F, V, or L, unless these consonants 
have a final circle or hook, or the K or G has an initial 

circle or hook, __*, ___C—J\~. --K^.-- R must not be half length 

after K, G, F, V, or L, unless these consonants have a final circle or 
hook, or the R has an initial circle or hook, "~v> ' .-Tt~^ ._ 

49 50. — Final ted and ded are usually written half length, 

~k-\" ( * They are detached when they follow a consonant 

written in the same direction, without final circle or hook, 

1 "^ I- 1 Words ending in dered have the first syllable written 
-|.f.~- " -|.|. * 

half length followed by R half length, _>__ When difficult to join 
the half length est to a final n or shun hook, it is written 
upward, V b 

51-52. — When Id or rd are the only consonant sounds in a word, 
full-length consonants are used, .L.\_._^__}. A half-length con- 
sonant for an sk, /, or r sound is written downward if the consonant is 
final, and upward if followed by a vowel. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 



57 



LESSON 13. 



47 



READING EXERCISE. 



k 



L 



^--W- 



L 



^ Gt 









,-) fB -._-^-. 



:^.___. 



4S 



/ 



.^r.i- so 



i. 



^...^.-.^-.-...^^L^l 



'"N 



^.^l..__H-^ 



\_/c 



58 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 13. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 

Received remained wanted improved invent 
demand claimed fitting rebate poisoned 

tendered bribed selected late rode hated 

obliged shipped wasted regret intend admit 
prevent cottage protect detach ventured looked 
failed led deeded voted refund blocked remit 
regard blamed prompt trusted ratify appointed 
detect thundered leaked appealed wrote treated 
squandered. 



RKADING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 59 



LESSON 13. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
We extended credit. We waited all day. Report all 
statements received. No discounts promised lately. They 
rendered excellent service. More goods wanted right away. 
Dealers submit estimates on request. Include all items in 
last invoice. It indicates reason. Hold statement. We 
let all persons ride. It lacked merit. We judged their 
attitude by one act. 



60 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 

RULES FOR LESSON 14. 



53-54. — H is omitted before P and B if they are without an initial 
circle, loop, or hook ; also in the middle of words, and is indicated by 

a dot placed before the vowel preceding the consonant, " -V 

A downward tick prefixed to W represents the compound wh, 

55. — When W or Y inconveniently joins another consonant a 
small semi- circle is used; for W, c <>ro \ ■ f or y, n or u -t/\— 

56-57. — When final ly or ry is preceded by a consonant, and no 
distinct vowel intervenes, use I or r hook on that consonant, 
In all other cases use L or R if possible, ,\^'__ — C*-~ 

58-59. — Final ty is sometimes indicated by making the preceding 
consonant half length, — -r — —— Final ture follows the same 
rule as ter in previous lessons, .__T_\.__ \ 

60. — The past tense of regular verbs is written as follows : 
Full-length consonants are changed to half lengths, ___^~^ _Jk^> .._ 
Half lengths to full lengths and ted or ded is added, 
Words ending with s circle, not written inside a final hook, have s 

circle changed to st loop, If written inside, the 

hook is changed to a consonant with final st loop, Vs-.A^^, 

Words ending with st loop have the loop changed to .? circle and 

ted added, X. f Words ending with str loop have the loop 

changed to s circle and half-length T showing r hook added, 

Double lengths with final hooks are changed to half 

lengths and half length R is added, ~~~;> — S~""^"" Double 
lengths without final hooks are changed to full lengths and half-length 
Tr or Dr is added, „^>_i-^„,_^r^l._. Words ending with doubles 
circle have full-length T or D added, .___ \© \d___ .f^l _ 



1 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 6l 



LESSON 14. 



READING EXERCISE. 



54 






k^_— |_-_-___56_____/^_^. jCZ ^_T> 5=£__ 

«0.___^ .^s ,T7\ .T^ C\. _...__._ A, 



58 ~? ^ 



59 



*V 



62 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 14. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
Perhaps habit adhere wheat whim wish 
wave wide Europe lovely bravely powerfully 
openly hopefully sundry machinery treachery 
berry mystery picture lecture fixture feature 
texture baked moved include proved fence 
fenced possessed wonder wondered elect elected 
squander squandered. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 63 



LESSON 14. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 

No margin calls likely in wheat circles. Waive all 
claims under this order. Patrons seem strongly disposed 
toward draft payments. They openly avowed it. It in- 
creases in width. They exercised good judgment. Watch 
all expenditures closely. It often happens. Perhaps 
habit makes it easier. 



64 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



RULES FOR LESSON 15. 



61. — The word-signs in the following reading and writing exer- 
cises correspond, and should be thoroughly memorized. 



READING EXERCISE. 

>__.A^_J>_._A_L 



/___/. 



A._..A..A^ L_(.._. c . 

i ......... ..I., ^^_ 



^--^ 



r 



c 



■r- 



zx. 



-> 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES, 65 



LESSON 15. 



Word Signs. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
Section 61. — Part plaintiff opportunity ob'ject 
but or object, what bad or dollar do or defendant 
did cbarge which or change large advantage can 
come could go gave or together give or given 
form or half for have ever thank or hath worth 
thinker youth that them with was these shall 
should usual or usually own now new or knew 
any long among thing from or time member 
or home he or him who or whom why when 
would beyond yet or young you or your or year 
well will are or our were or where or recollect her 
here or hear. 



66 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND, 



LESSON 15. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 

You should offer your new goods now. Large sums 
were spent among those we owe. Your terms should 
include full lines of credit. For whom did he go? Was he 
at home when you gave him his opportunity ? This was 
found among the goods. Do dealers show any interest in 
these matters? To what part did plaintiff object? De- 
fendant will change our charge. Do they recollect at what 
place the member was that year? No advantage was taken. 
The opportunity was his for what he had done. We 
usually require an advance payment of one dollar with new 
orders. 



As. 



CIRCLE AND VOWEL SIGNS. 

o 

has. is.. his 



and, 



the. 



of 



O.... 

oh... 
owe. 



owing- 



DAYS. 



Sunday 1— Monday 



^1. 



Wednesday \_p-— Thursday 

Saturday .... „.. 



MONTHS. 



January 



April 



C 



February 



May 



July, 



/~ 



owes <l 



Tuesday 



Friday. 



March 



June. 



August September. 



-V 



-J- 



October _S _ November. .—-TTX^.. December. 

-67- 



_k. 



68 MANUAL OP SHORTHAND. 

RULES FOR LESSON 16 



62. — Positive words beginning with / or r, add the negative 
syllable il or er by the I ox r hook, ___/ 



Positive words beginning with vi or n, double the conso- 
nant for the negative form, .. „1\. _„T_™V_ If a 

negative word has no corresponding positive, only one consonant is 
written, unless both are clearly heard, - — £ .\— , 

63. — Con, com, or cum, at the beginning or in the middle of 
words, and cog in the middle of words, are omitted, and indicated by 
writing the remaining part of the outline near the preceding outline, 
(^ yf^. In a few such words the outlines are joined, 

When a word begins with con, com, or 
cum, and that word begins a line, a dot is used at the beginning of 
the outline to indicate the prefix, — y> — J" — When these prefixes 
are preceded by a vowel, K is used, j — V^x 



3^-1-5- 



64. — The word- signs for and with are sometimes joined to words 
as first syllables. Their positions are then determined by the ac- 
cented vowel, „_„21___U Vj- ^i In forget, forgive, and 

their derivatives, F is detached, --V^ Magna, magne, or mag?ii 

is indicated by writing M over the remaining outline of the word, 
___'l . _^-___ Self by an s circle on the line, ___ .__ The re- 
maining outline is joined if it begins with a downward consonant 

without an initial circle, loop, or hook, —--y—P -__ o _ ^ 

U?i is prefixed to self thus, —-J— When a word begins with 
selfco?i, the dot is 'used, __ P.__ 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 



6 9 



LESSON 16. 



G2 



READING EXERCISE. 



X- f~-^--^-~ 



-^.1- 



lb;" -^----^-1 

______ __<_i_.J_^_. v 



^-^- 

■^ 



Vr 



-.t__7 



70 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 16. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 

Legible illegible logical illogical literate 

illiterate reproachable irreproachable moderate 

immoderate legal illegal necessary unnecessary 
they-complain compel forbid magnitude self 
selfish withdraw contracts movable radical 

commission elsewhere commissioners useless. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 7 1 



LESSON 16. 

WRITING EXERCISE. 
Legitimate sales show commission rates. Our cars are 
in good condition. The local company thinks sufficient 
evidence was presented. Meet competition, though loss 
attends. Such proceedings are uncommon. The com- 
mittee will decide upon that matter. This will cause con- 
siderable extra expense. His self-possession is admirable. 
No illegal reports are filed here. The order was selfish. 
I expected an affair of great magnitude. 



72 MANUAL OP SHORTHAND. 

RULES FOR LESSON 17. 

65. — The suffixes ble and bly are indicated by B when they can- 
not be conveniently written by Bl, 9 ~" lJ *\ — -— \— -) bleness, ful- 
ness, iveness, and less?iess by detached Bs, \, Fs, Vn... 
Vs, _.__^__, and Ls, _./C_, „^N.__ ( ^ :~^n¥l_ ', form by F 

joined, _^ >_.; ing is indicated by a dot, and is used only 

after half-length P, B, M, H, and most word signs ; also at the end of 

st and str loops, and R having an f or v hook, __. __Y .-^. 

._ ^^rTl__\^. The plural ings is formed by a circle in place 

of the dot, '"„""; mental or mentality, by half-length Mn, detached, 

T '-° ; ology, by J, joined or detached, whichever is more 

convenient, \*' y> ; self, sometimes by the s circle joined to 

/ r 

the preceding part of the outline, _ *° ; selves, by the double s 
circle, joined, ___b__.; ship, by SH, joined or detached, 

_-p °-Sr=-j—; soever, by sV, joined, "7__v_ _ ; ever, by the v 
hook, __ c . ., r^...; the v hook on curved consonants is like the shim 
hook and is used in whenever and similar words; worthy, by TH, 
usually joined, but detached if more convenient, — | "").("" 

66. — Consonants may be omitted from the outline of words in the 
following cases : K or G after NG, unless the K or G is final, 
_Z___^-S ; a t sound after s, at the end of any syllable followed 
by a consonant, .-->> — - Np — ; P, not distinctly pronounced after 



M, ___U i-S ! N, before Jr, . — u .— %-. When in the middle of 

words it is inconvenient to write the n hook or the consonant repre- 
sented by it, n is omitted, L X \ H al or tially is usually 
omitted in words ending in ntial or ?ilially, "\ _\ _ 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 73 



LESSON 17. 



READING EXERCISE. 



Go 



-^V--^- ^--^v-A- - 

^\ S.._A^._.!^e_.._^_.JLv 3 

.^L_.„__„:_!__^ //^..._-.i__..._ L . 

.... ( - / ........)/......_. r .. t. s_4>-uj. 



f- }- ■> ■> 



74 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 17. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
Forcible fashionable sensible saleableness 

reasonableness usefulness abusiveness carelessness 
casting holding theology themselves township 
praise-worthy banker angles postage prompt 
promptly essential-ly conndential-ly substantial-ly 
assignment attainment adjournment danger 

stranger passenger. 



TREADING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 75 



LESSON 17. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 

We sell at reasonable prices. It appears sensible. It 
looks reasonable. She looks fashionable. His thought- 
lessness occasioned the error. Some regard it praise- 
worthy. The rules were decidedly instrumental in secur- 
ing orders. Consider its suitableness. We allow postal 
charges. This includes townships beside the one you 
mention. They take adjournment at noon. Always be 
prompt with customers. 



76 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 

RULES FOR LESSON 18. 



67. — The circle word-sign, as, has, is, or his is added to words 
initially ox finally, and us finally, by the s circle, has had _K^,_ 

for us. All circle word signs and us finally, may be used between 
words, ""J/" it has been, _/°^i_ let us know. The first word of a 
phrase determines the position of the phrase. 

68. — Circle word-signs are joined to words beginning or ending 
with an 5 circle by enlarging the circle to double 5. J_ has said. 
Two circle word-signs may also be joined, forming a double s stand- 
ing alone, the phrase beginning with as or has in first position, 

_ _9_ as has; is or his in third position, is his. 

O 
69. — The, to, or it is added to a circle word-sign or to an s circle 

at the beginning, middle, or end of words by changing the 5 circle to 

a st loop, \ as to that, ..jL which is to be, [ „ takes the. 

They may also be added to a circle word-sign forming a st loop stand- 
ing alone, the phrase beginning with as or has in first position, _ .1. 

as it; is in third position, is it. 

"o 

70. — There, their, or they are is added by changing the circle to 
a str loop, --|y- it is there. They may also be added to a circle 
word-sign forming a str loop standing alone, the phrase beginning 
with as or has in first position, ____ as they are ; is in third 
position, ------ is there. 

71. — An additional circle word is added to loops by turning an s 
circle inside the loop, if detached, and on the back of consonants 
having st or str loop, ____. as there is .—*._ against us. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 



77 



LESSON 18. 



READING EXERCISE. 




67 / f __L_< e_:..^_-r2i- 


-e-- c -- c -- 


■ v--« 


( C _i ^_.;_r _. 


-<- V- 


-- ^-~,b--A---^--V 


o o o 


tt? V _ _[____ 


..(._____ )_.___.?___ 


o o -^ 


t 


f_ /. I0_ Q^>_ b 

o \ 


•b" 3"" 


71 * <? 


/--. 





a 


<jr' 2^tr- '"'" 





78 MANUAL OP SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 18. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
As large, as had, as they, as can, as usual, 
as well as, as your, has your, has had, has this, 
what has, what has been, is that, is your, is this, 
he is, which is, what is your, for us, for his, 
after us, as has, has as, is as, has his, is his, 
as the, has the, has to, as to, is the, is it, 
as to them, as to that, what is the, as there, has there, 
is there, what is there, as it is, is it as, has it not, 
is there nothing. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 



79 



LESSON 18. 

WRITING EXERCISE. 

Improvement is shown in best lines. It is just as you 
said. Is there any likelihood of settlement? Which is 
the best ? It is as profitable as it is agreeable. Dis- 
continue those sales, as they are not in demand. It is 
just as good as yours. The competition is as usual in 
such lines. It is said they sold goods at cut prices. 
The}'' should notify you as soon as there is provision 
made for it. Has his plan been accepted ? 



80 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 

RULES FOR LESSON 19. 



72.— All or willis, added by the / hook, and is read immediately 

after the consonant, ___|___Q^ „_\_1 

73. — Are, our, or or is added by the r hook, _J\ 

74. — We is added to straight consonants by the w hook , ' 

75. — You or your is added to consonants by the y hook or by 

small semi-circles, __/_ _| }^_ 

76. — Have or of is added by the v hook, 
The v hook is used on curved consonants in phrasing, j" o " 

77. — Than, been, or own is added by the n hook, J C ^^ 
The n hook is written inside a ier hook, and inside a v hook on curved 

consonants to add than, been, or own, 5 Jo __:\__ 



78 — There, their, they are, or other is added to straight conso- 
nants by the ier hook, f ; to straight consonants already 

having an/, v, or n, hook by lengthening, .__/____, and to curved 
consonants by lengthening, V 

79. — The, to, it, or had is added by writing the consonant half 
length, ,_ X __a. __!__>__ 



80. — After is added by lengthening and the/ hook, __,<: 
81. — Another is added by lengthening and the n hook, 



2s 



82. — Its is added by writing the consonant half length and adding 
the s circle, __^_ ^ _ 

83. — Not is added by writing the consonant half length and 
adding the n hook, J j ~ ^ 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 



8l 



LESSON 19. 



READING EXERCISE. 

r_ o:.. ? 3 ..../= ^ .St.. .^ 7* 

,L..±7... 75 .1 ..^-jqA 



76 



C jt 






c> 



-c/ 



77 



r- 



_^____._i. 



■^ 



78 



--J- 



79 



L ^ 



* 1 ( 



SO 



81 



82 "^ * 83 j . " " ^ ^ 

x_3" " 



82 MANUAL, OF SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 19. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
But all, by all, what will, should all, from all, 
all will, they are, for our, of our, which we, had we, 
do we, are you, did you have, charge of, can have, 
may have, would have, they have, to all, for all, 
will all, with all, who all, we are, to our, from our, 
from you, can you, can all there, in another, 
that they are, were not, will not be able to, each other, 
our own, which have been, they had, ought to, 
ought to be. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 83 



LESSON 19. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
Final arrangements have been postponed. I do not 
know of anything that will interfere. He was given entire 
charge of their business. Keep a copy of the letters you 
send. Appearances are all in its favor. They have 
thoroughly mastered the details. We cannot judge of its 
merit. The goods were not stopped in transit. This 
includes our own stock. It was postponed to another 
time. It will cause dissension in their ranks. He was 
assured of all their support. 



84 MANUAL OP SHORTHAND. 

RULES FOR LESSON 20. 



84. — I, in any part of a phrase, is written by a light tick in the 
direction of R, a^ a ~ -n I A, an, or and is phrased initially by 
a light tick written always in the direction of P, / V ; but in 
the middle or at the end of phrases, the tick may incline in either 
direction, \ I Ticks do not govern positions. The /, v, 

or n hook is used on the I tick, _____!Z~ 

85. — The is phrased, except initially, by a light horizontal or 
perpendicular tick when a half length or a st loop cannot be used, 
_^ v ^ The same tick is used initially for he, i 

86. — Ticks may be joined to circle word-signs and to each other, 



87. — The tick , a, an, and, or the, detached, is used in the place 
of the ing dot to indicate ing a, ing an, ing and, or ing the. The 
tick for a, an, or and is slanting, \ _; for the, horizontal or per- 
pendicular, 

88. — We, would, or way, and you ox your are phrased by small 
semi-circles when W or Y does not conveniently join, « for W, 
J__l and "„ for Y, A-TZ- 

89. — To or too is indicated by writing the outline of the suc- 
ceeding word below the line. A full or double-length consonant 
touches the line ; a horizontal or half length is written the distance 
of a half length below the line, \. ^t ^~\ \, 

90 — In such phrases as " from hour to hour," etc., from and to 
may be omitted, V |»|* 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 85 



LESSON 20. 

READING EXERCISE. 

i -r-~-£-i--^ l L- 

___85 j^ 2 „ i _. _i 



so * * * d 



Nd 



_^_ 87 V „ _8_8 ]_Jj __ 



-> 



89 

v ..... |; ^^____^ 

...?• JL....!\ ....... I-L- 



r 



86 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



LESSON 20. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
And that, and they, I am, I must, I can, I could, 
I had, I think, I saw, I shall, by a, in a, on a, 
from a, had a, was a, that a, with a, would a, 
and is, and as, as a, is a, as I, as to a, as to the, 
is to the, I did not, I do not, will not be, you do not, 
we do not, to be, too much, to let, to day, to make, 
to put, to say, from day to day, from time to time. 



READING AND WRITING EXERCISES. 87 



LESSON 20. 



WRITING EXERCISE. 
You cannot afford to make such statements regarding 
the goods. I thank you in advance. We hope it will 
be with your approval. He refused to grant the favor, 
and I ordered the policies canceled. I will not do it. 
He should consider that that point is to be protected. 
I hope to have you with us. It is a matter of mutual 
concern to all of them. I note the progress you are 
making. I will investigate after the charge is made. 
Provide against the possibility of a like occurrence. 



MANUAL OP SHORTHAND. 



WORD-SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS. 



Part 






<vT 



parted...... 

parting 

partly 

particular... ^ — 

particularly. . — ^ (f>— 

plaintiff -.\ 

opportunity — V — 

spoke -\ 

spoken ->> — 

speak -V-._. 



special _\~. 



A. 



speaking -\_ practically 



v 



specially . 
especial... 
especially. 

specialty — \A~~ 

possible... 
possibly . . . 






people......... 5y-.— .. 



practice 



V 

practiced 

\ 



practicing.... 



practical. 



V 



practicable 



impracticable 

principle ..... <\ 

principal i\— . 



surprise. 



surprised , 



\ 



surprising 



X 



experience. 



expenencea---. 



experiencing. 



inexperi- 
enced ... 



opinion \ 



important . . . 



WORD-SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS. 



8 9 



importance ...--- 
unimportant..-- 

popular — 

popularly — 

unpopular — 

probable — 

probably - 

improbable....— 

probability ..„._5\- — 
public.......... — \- — 

publish......... — \--_. 

published __\ . 

publishing \- 

publicly — _V -7-— 



publication 

peculiar 

peculiarity.. 



perpendic- 
ular 



perpendic- 
ularity . 



preliminar}'. .1 
privilege 



y 



B 



Ob'ject 



but 



\ 

object' _N_. 

objected — \| — 

objecting \ ___ 

objection _>o — 



subject \ 

subjected. . . \| 

subjecting \ 

subjection \> 

belong 



V 



belonged. 



\ 



belonging .. 

belief - -^-- — 

believe \ 



believed 



believing ^~ 

number -X 



numbered X. 



numbering _\ 



QO MANUAL OF SHORTHAND 

before X» circumstance J 



observation — .\<__.. 



bankrupt 



bankruptcy. 



become. 



\ 



-o- 



becoming 



became . 



What L 

whatever H._. 

f 



society 

system R 



truth. 



between.. 



circum- 
stanced 



circum- 

stantial. 



circum- 

stantially 



citizen. 



extra- 
ordinary. 

extra- 
ordinarily- 



-!- 



satisfactory. 



satis- pf' 

factorily__°^r.__. 



satisfaction. 



D 



Had 




doing. 



L 

defendant L. 



did. 



advertise 



advertised. 



advertising. 

advertise- 
ment 



__..L 



distinct l__. 

distinctive L,— - 

distinction I 

distinguish -l~-;- 

— -f- 



deliver. 



delivery. 



■f- 



I J delivering P. 



delivered. 



WORD-SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS. 



indiscrim- 
inate. 



9r 



deliverance... 



--J- 



Doctor 



during 1. 



dwell. 



dwelling. 



difference. 



different. 



differing. 



indifferent.. 



-I- 

-l- 

develop L 

developed . . . l^___ 

development L __ 

discriminate. 



domestic. 



CH 



U~. 



/ 



Charge . . . 

/ 
charged 

charging . . . . — *- 

chargeable 5s s -___ 

which '- 

change '- 

changed /— - 

changing /.___ 

changeable ^_— 

children /I— - 



Large ... 
larger ... 
largely . 
largest., 
junior ... 



/ 
/ _ 



advantage 


../..... 


disad- 

vantage- 


j... 


advan- 

tageous. 


-i- 


general _ 


.J..... 


generally _ 


_.Z._ 


gentleman 


V 


gentlemen 


(/ 


intelligence... 


...Z.-.. 



02 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



intelligent... 17-— questioned 5rz£ 

intelligible </~ 



intelligibly ^i— . 

suggestion </■ 

K 



quarter 

headquarters--^. _ . 



Can. 



could. 



because . 



Christian, 
describe... 



description. 



question. 



difficult. 



difficulty. 



according. 



accordingly — 



^r 



county. 



capable. 



incapable . 



capability. 



_=. 



collect. 



collected. 



collecting. ... 



collection <= 3- 

correct — c .. 

corrected 1 1 - - 

correcting ..--c . 

correction — c =) _ 

character- 

istic 

cross- c ^_ ,5— >, 
examine 

careful 

carefully 

knowledge 

acknowl- * ^ 
edge 

acknowl- ^-/ 
edgment 

qualify 

quality 



WORD-SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS. 



93 



Go. 



going 



goes 



gave. 



together 

altogether 



give 



giving. 



given 



signify..., 
signified. 



signifying 



significant. 



significa- 



tion — o 3 . 



degree __. 



language .... 



govern 



governed 



governing... 



govern- 



ment. 



governor -> 

began 

begun .tt-3 

begin »..- ^^ — - 



beginning .. 



Half. 






1UILL1 


^ 


forming 

inform 


_ k. 


for 


._„ L„„ 



informa- 



tion- 



reform — '. 

reform a- 

tion~ ^-\ 

first — _^o- 



fact. 



frequent. 



beginner....— \ frequently „ /T-~. .- 



94 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND 



frequence y. \ swiftest — 

swiftly — .^r. 



effect 



effected 



effecting. 



effective . 



familiar 



familiarity . 



V 



swiftness.. 



V 



Have. 



__. 



^ 



unfamiliar . 



influence. 



-^Vi- 



influenced. 





<^ 


ever 


v^ 


over 


L 


several.... 


_JL_ 



Th 



influencing—^^. | Thank. 



influential- 



swift. 



swifter. 



thanked. 



thanking. 



thankful. 



L 



thankfully t- 

w T orth \._. 

worthless v___ 

think _(_. 

thinking (.— 

TH 
That _L_. 

them \ _. 

with /... 

without. _. 

within (— 

{ 

other .__. 

there \__ 

their A.. 



WORD-SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS. 



95 



southern....— 


__jC_ 


S 




astonish — — 


) 




) 


astonish- 


)f 


ingly — 




astonish- 
ment — 


__k__ 


establish. 


A- 


estab- 
lished — 


_L_. 


estab- 
lishment — 


^ 


Z 




Was...... 


) 


these.... . 


- ^ 


ZH 


) 


Usual __ 


-jj- 


usually ....__ 


...j..... 



unusu- 
ally— 


■~)~- 


M 




From 


— 







mistake 



mistaken 



time 



timely. 



ur 



member. 



home 



similar. 



simi- 
larity. 



similarly 



almost .... 



somewhat . 



Mr. 



move- 
ment. 



mistook 



manu- 
facture- 



manu- 
factured 



manu- 
factory- 



memo- 
randum- 



memo- I 
randa 



imme- 
diate- 



N 



Own. 



any. 



9 6 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



knew. 



insurance. 



next. 



another 



entire. 



neverthe- 
less. 



New York 



NG 



r 



neglect . 



endeavor. 



n. 



indis- . 

pensable___r_y 



Long 



longer 



longest. 



among . 



amongst \^>— 

singular -- w — 

singularly..— ^,£-— 



singularity- 
thing 

something e-— >s» 

length L 

lengthy \ 



Well... 



will. 



willing. 



wilful. 



wilfully. 



health 



r 



-r- 






healthy f\_ 

help ~S\ 

already CH. 



legislature (/- 



Her. 



I\ 



here 



hear 






WORD-SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS. 



97 



swear aristocratic 



swore -^. 



sworn 



remark . 



remarked. 



remarking. 



remarkable . 



remember .. 



remem- 
bered. ___\-._ 



remem- 
bering. 



architect 



archi- 



tecture 



archi- 
tectural. 



anstocracy- 



R 



Are. 




where. 



wherever. 



somewhere 



recollect. 



recollected ^_ |. 



recollecting". 



recollection. 



referred S__ 



referring. 



reference , 



world. 



worldly 



regular.. 



regularly. 



refer 



irregular.... 



irregu- 
larity 



represent.. 



represented- 



repre- 

senting- 



repre- 

sentation- 



responsible- 



/A 



yS 



responsibly wealth 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



respon- 
sibility.--^.-— 



certificate 



W 



Why. 



while 



when 



o^- 

^ 

^ 



wealthy _A 

whether "T^v_ 



Beyond 



yet. 



._:\ 



young 



r 
.a. 



whenever lo. 



younger 



r 



would. 



_^v i youngest (fT___ 



your — /rr_ 

year rr_ 

United 

States___£__ 

yes, sir ___&__. 

H 
He ^ 

him — ^-v 

who 

whom ,_—_-_ 



WORD-SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS. 



Notk. — In the following sentences the Word-Signs and Contrac- 
tions are Italicized. The shorthand outlines may be found on the 
eleven preceding pages. The hyphenated words are to be phrased. 

Note. — Though not Italicized in the following sentences, the stu- 
dent will observe the contracted characters for as, has, is, his, and, a 
the, I, owe, owes, and owing, as shown in " Circle and Vowel Signs" 
on page 67. 

Be particularly careful in-this-case. 

I described the characteristics of- the people. 

We acknowledge that similar effects may -be produced. 

YoM-gave, altogether, more-than ^a^the total amount. 

It-is regarded as-a significant fact in-connection with-the deal. 

We-are unable to-depend upon-the source of- our information. 

I-am-not familiar with-the contents. 

We took over several loads. 

There-are other claims to-go on file. 

It-is usual among officials. 

Is-he a member of-the organization ? 

You seem to be somewhat doubtful. 

It- is- a mistake. 

You-were mistaken. 

The memorandum was sent. 

We furnished complete memoranda. 

I- will forward the insurance policy. 

That does-not signify anything. 

We get wisdom from experience. 

Another claim has-just come in. 

Never mind about-the agreement. 

They declined, nevertheless. 

Do-not neglect this matter. 

They consider the advice quite indispensable to-a conservative person. 

How-long did-it take ? 

L.ofC. 99 



IOO MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 

It took /onger-than the first trial. 

Tkat-is very singular. 

Something will-have to-be-done about-this. 

Please deliver during absence of-the broker. 

This improbably the largest one we-have. 

Put-the goods in-store unless you-think otherwise. 

No-doubt ^<?-is-an intellige?it man. 

1-do-not like the suggestio?i. 

There-is really no question about it. 

It- is according -to-t\xe records. 

I accordingly adopt it as- a useful thing. 

The county classified the publication. 

He-is a capable man in commercial lines. 

We collect bad debts. 

I recommend that-you make immediate shipment. 

Great importance attaches to-the indorsement. 

Require satisfactory security. 

I-am-glad yow-gave such satisfaction. 

He-is personally responsible. 

You-should protect patrons in-the productioji and shipment of new goods, 

There-was some objection to-the manner in-which he-was approached. 

The length has nothing to-do with the width. 

They should-he well along by-this-time. 

Health and wealth are sources of happiness. 

Why was this financial help refused ? 

I remember the remark was-rr\a&e to-the architect. 

They-a/r our collectors. 

Where were-you at-lhal-lime f 

I recollect I-was somewhere betwee?i Nezv York and Kansas-City. 

You mxxst-have recollection of-it. 

I refer to-your letter. 

I referred to-your telegram. 

Referring to-your inquiry. 

The course is regular. 

We have no representative in Great-Britain. 

The company holds the certificate. 

It-is-not yet beyond recovery. 

He-was surprised lhat-the principal and interest are still unpaid. 

It-is now correct. 

You will probably hear- from me again. 



WORD-SIGNS AND CONTRACTIONS. IOI 

We publish our-own book. 

We refer you to -the public statistics issued by -the government. 

Yours is certainly a peculiar case. 

1-have-th.e privilege of making all preliminary arrangements. 

There-is-no-such number. 

This was before he became bankrupt. 

You decide between them. 

It is larger-than required. 

We advertise largely in newspapers and magazines. 

It-is-a desirable piece of property. 

They should-have separate and individual support. 

I-saw-him the next-day, which-was the first-day he-was out. 

Length lessens strength. 

I-shall do-it as-soon-as- possible . 

We owefor-the requisition. 

We-cannot ship, owing to a universal shortage of cars. 

The abstract was delivered when-the lot was deeded to-you. 

This difficulty is becoming very frequent. 

It-would-be so under ordinary circumstances. 

This affords you the desired opportunity. 

It should-he with-your approval. 

It-is hardly possible to-do-this at-the-same-time. 

We hear of-this from- time-to- time. 

Perhaps you- will- have to- disappoint the solicitor. 

I-believe \t-was-your intention to-withhold the premium. 



WORDS DISTINGUISHED. 



Cost. 



traitor. 



tram. 



gentlemen </-. 



poor. 



purpose. 



.V^No. 



property. 



proportion — 

protection 

bright 

before ..,.\> 

abandoned id- 



ealised. 



trader. 



agent. 



pure. 



propose. 



propriety. 



"t 



turn ..Ur^l. 



preparation -S 



production. 



broad. 



^ 



above. 



abundant \,_ 



WORDS DISTINGUISHED. 



IO3 



support. 



situation. 






favored... ..... 



valuable. 



interested...... 



V 

A 



separate. 



f\. 



station. 



favorite. 



available... . . . ..X/T-S . 

understood _J^=rf_ 

easily... , ..... „ . S\... 



WORDS DISTINGUISHED. 



Note. — The Italicized words in the following couplets would 
have the same shorthand outlines were it not that they conflict, and 
often mislead the stenographer's judgment. It is, therefore, neces- 
sary to distinguish them by the designated difference in outlines. 
The respective shorthand outlines of the words distinguished may be 
found on the two preceding pages. Phrase the hyphenated words : 



The extra cost was shown in-the invoice. 
The delay caused inconvenience. 
There-is-a difference between poor and pure. 
I purpose going very-soon. 
I propose to-prove it. 
The property has-been sold. 
He acted -with propriety. 
It-is-not out-of proportion. 
We-are making liberal preparation. 
We offer all necessary protection. 
The production shows some increase. 
We placed the above order before we heard from--ou. 
We-have abandoned the idea. 
The supply is abundant. 
The support is -not ample. 
We-will ship in separate lots 
He understood you-are interested. 

No valuable land is available in-this part-of-the country. 
It will-have-a marked influence on-our market. 
On-the arrival of-the train, turn switch at-the third signal. 
He-is agent for-the railroad and steamship lines. 
These gentlemen were absent from-the meeting. 
Bright men are-not always broad minded. 
He applied at-the station for-a situation. 
He-was favored because \xo.-\s- a. favorite with-the president. 
It- is easily understood. 
It-is easier to interest him than you. 

104 



PRACTICAL PHRASES. 



A. 



Able to. — V 



about that. 



about which there \. 

above all \ 

after all 

again and again 

against us ^ 

r 



all of. 



all right. 



all such- 



all the- 



r? 



all their- 



although there is. 



-t 



among all their — ' 



among its — sj?. — 



among our— -<z~/~ 


~~ 


among us — s^- 


- 


and as there has— 


A... 


and as they are— 


d 


and that ^ 




and they will be- 


J^„ 


and this / 




and yet f- 





any other.. 



any other time- 



anyone 



'^T 



-105- 



io6 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



anything about - 
anything else 



-~z 



anything less- 



are all- 



y 



early as— --V--~ 



as far as----^ 



as far as 



they— r^. 



as far as will 



as good as "- 

as great as- --a- — 
as if. — ^_— 

as lately a.-- — C 

as little as — £_— . 



as long as S^ 1 

as long as the other ~f-. 

as long as they are--^_~ 



as soon as 



Q_J> 



as to 



as we.-. a > — 
as well as —6-- 
as you — /^- — 

L 



ask vou- 



at all events. 



L 



at all times- 



C~* 



at another 



PRACTICAL PHRASES. 



I07 



at once 



at one 



time— r — 



at or 



at some time 



at that time 



U. 



at this time 



at the same time. 



at the time- 



ly 



at their 



at their own 



at your 



Be there— 



v- 



bear in mind 



because they are 



been the- 



been there 



"\- 



before and after 
before another.-'*! 
before or after. -^ 
before us— -Ns „ 

began an 

begin their — 



between the- 



but little — 



but we \ 



by its- 



by other- 



^ 



io8 



by that 



..J 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



could there be- 



by your- 



V 



-I 



Can that. 



there be — -^3^~ 



can this---^7- 



can you- 



cannot say- 



1 



certain extent— ° / ^~3 — 



charge of their- — 



circumstances of the case- 



common law 



A 



~\ 



D. 



day after day 

day of the I — 

day or two V I — 

day time — V~^ — 

dear sir — \- 

defendant's counsel — Jy=- — 
did you have— -H— - 

did you have anything— Q 

do we J 



could have been— 



do you believe. — J-. 

do you have I 

do you know — I 



JL- 



does not 



during that time. 



PRACTICAL PHRASES. 



for their._. 



109 



t 



during: the time 



1^; 



E. 



Each other- 



every one. 



Faster than. 



F. 



fellow citizen? 

first time__. 

for instance. 

for its— — Vo — 

for that „__V^ ... 

for the purpose of ■ — l s-— - 

for the sake of the — V^. 



for which they are ... V, _. 
from day to day II 



from hour to hour 
from place to place— 
from time to time 

from us=_ .,.— 

from week to week„. : 

G. 
Good deal 



rreat number of. 



great while ago 



-v 



H. 



Had a 



MANUAL, OF SHORTHAND. 





he should _7 __. 

he was ^v 


J 

had there been 


had they / 


he was there-- /^s--- 


had we 


/ 

here and there— ^^ ._.. 


had you 


House of ^/\ 


Representatives- ^Xi _._.__ 


half an hour.— __^£N — 


Houses of Congress — 'Zb__ 


0" 


/. 


( 

has that 


I can 


has there been — tf\ 

have another _V^,__ 




I find—-— 


^ 


I have 

I have not 


have there ^v 




I shall—- - - 


he could--- , 


I shall not 



PRACTICAL PHRASES. 



I should—---/ 



I should not 



J 



I should not be 



< 



I suppose 



..V 



I want it-—-?- 

) 



I was- 



I was not- 



I will not 



In consequence ?_ 

in consideration L. 

in its ^ 

in or about--. 
in other words— 
in our — ~ v — 



in point of fact— 



in reference. 



in regard- 



in relation— 



in separating 



.-.A 



in the time—- 



'XZ 



in the world— 



instead of ^r-E 



is it not. 



is that. 



is there 



is therefore. 



<^ 



MANUAL, OF SHORTHAND. 



it has been. 



N- 



it has not been- 



■^ 



it is an 



it is said- 



it is therefore ki- 
lt was P- 

it will be— -P- — 



f 



it will not do- 
its own 1- 

/• 
Just as- — #- — 

just as much as— -<2y — 

just as well as— ^o — 
L. 



Larger than- 



s 



less tha 



„.._£. 



let us <?. 



long after- 



long time- 



^U 



longer than- 



M. 

May as well--'-* --- 

may have— / ^>- — 
may have been— s~z>~ 
may have been there— /^--— . 
mean to — -^ 



more and more --< 



more than — <s""t>- 



more than any- 



PRACTICAL, PHRASES. 



"3 



most likely- ^~fc 


no, sir- — ^-?-~ 


most of the time- <-r^.--.-,— 
Mr. Chairman 




nothing else--— -^- 


Mr. President -V— 


now and then ^ 


much more— ^~^ -- 


0. 


*2 

much more than-- ^> ~ 


Of it 


must be— / "~*\— - 


of its- 


must have -^-b 


( 

of that- 



must have been •— 



^_._. 



must have been there - 



must not- 



X: 



my dear sir- 



No one else-- 



N. 



~?~ 



on its— 



on or before -^-- 



on the contrary 



on the other hand. 



T 



on this- 



-H- 



H4 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



once or twice-— 



^ 



one of the £- 



one or more- 



or as 



^ 



or have been- 



"^ 



or not- 



or other- 



^ 



or the 



or you-r- 



other than 



other than th 



at -X- 



out 



of town j 



over and above 



P. 



Part of a 



V 



part of the- 



party of the first part 



party of the second part — ^\_, 



per annum- 



per cent- 
plaintiff's counsel — -W=- 
point of view-— \^-— - 



police court. 



Postmaster-General 



postage- stamp. 



--> 



PRACTICAL PHRASES, 



postal card— X 

prima facie case. 
pro rata— Vi__. 

Q 

Quite certain .-ZZi. 



quo warranto-- c-^- 



R. 



Rather than. 



real estate —^A — 



re-cross 

examination. 



re direct 

examination- 



Secretary of State — o-f_ 
Secretary of War— o-^\-. 



seems to be- 



-^ 



seems to have. 



T 



shall a- 



J 



shall do. 



{- 



shall have been 



shall not- 



J 



shall not be — ^C._. 

shall the 

short time [^ 

should a --J 

should have been.— --)— ■ 



should not ,— . 



should not be- 



-< 



since there is — , 



^~P' 



so far as-- 



V 



ii5 



n6 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



that 



some one— <r^> — 
some time - — c-v—n.. 
some way--- <T"~\ — 
such as .--/--—. 
such other — 0-- : — 
such were — £-1— 

T. 
Take care of —I — e-dL. 

than a— -JL- — 

C 
than it 



than the- 



thank you 



that a-n- 



that has- 



that have- 



that is all— ^ 









that it 




that it has not— 


C 


that its 





that that 



-1- 



that the- 



that there is - — ^o. 

that they are V. 

that was \ 

c 

that will—-- — 



PRACTICAL PHRASES. 



"7 



their own \ 




they were there \y~- 


there have been — \>- 


- 


this date (- 


there is v» 




this day — ( — - 

r 


there is no V^ — 




this evening - (- 


there were---V^l_- 




this morning -Q^- — '- 


there will-— V— — 




this time— (p^-- 


there will be — v_\_ 




to a— [-— 


there would \ — 




to all f 


they are—A — 




to our- — 1 


they have v>.- — 




to an 1 


they have been — w — 


- 


to be--^- 


they have been there- 


V 


to get 


they have not \rt.~ 




to give 


they were not — V^ — 




to go— 



to have 



•l~- 



to it 



to make. 



to reply 



to the • 



to their — 



-J- 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 

U. S. Senate— £~-~ 
U. S. Senator.. £^__^_ 
unless there is— ^ > — 

unless they are Qz?— 

up and down — -^ 
up or down— -vJ._ 



to use— -^ - — 



too bright. 



too much— > 



two or three ] 



U. 



Under a- 



under the circumstances 



U. S. of America* 



~i- 



upon the part of the. 



.A. 



Variety of . 



V. 



very lately. 

very little^ — ^_ 

very sure.-_v^ __ 
very well— .xj — 



W. 



Was a- 



) 



PRACTICAL, PHRASES = 



was an 

was another -- 


.).... 


was 


he- 


k_ 




was 


he not 


X_ 


was 


it 


> 




was 


that- 


J- 




was 


the~ 


) 




was 


there 


J. 





Ways and means— V-3>~. 

we are— -^ 

we are ready .—IT\-yi. 

we believe 



\ 



we find . 



\o 



we have ^y 

we regard—!^ 



we regret , 



we shall. 



J 



we will 



-*> 



week after 



were it— S- 



were it not, 



were the- 



..sL 



we had- 



were they 



where the 



where we 



where will---^- 



120 MANUAL, OF 

whether or not — -^N -... 

which one -—<S-~ — 
which were~^~-— 

which will not </'—— 

which you have — &- — 

why is it 

why it is 



why the 

will be— f\- 
will have— -S^>- 
will the ---- 



will there not be-/ 



with all that 



with all the -— 

with reference -(---/- 
with regard-- L-/r— 



SHORTHAND 

with relation --( o- 
with respect— (-A-- 

with us — (- 

without us 



year or two __^>j- 
yes or wo.-C^CrTl. 

yes, sir — o 

you could „-— 

you had 

you have---/^--- 

you knew 

you should — -j/-_- 
your Honor---/^-- 
your own — (—— 



ACCURACY AND SPEED. 



At this point the student has learned the principles, the word- 
signs, and the phrases, and is prepared to acquire rapidity in writing, 
which is an important part of the shorthand writer's ability. Speed 
in writing cannot be acquired without a thorough knowledge of the 
words and outlines to be written, It is secondary to accuracy and is 
most readily gained by writing and reading the same matter repeatedly, 
until each word and phrase can be instantly written. Dictation in 
commercial correspondence will admit of no hesitation. Special care 
should be exercised in reading, the ability to do so being the most 
difficult to acquire. It is well to vocalize unfamiliar words, and 
words that may conflict in outline. The student should be careful in 
the formation of outlines and familiar with the contracted forms and 
phrases. A speed of one hundred and twenty-five words per minute 
is quite ample for commercial correspondence Great importance 
attaches to typewriting, as the transcript is to be the completed work, 
embracing correct spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and the me- 
chanical arrangement of the matter. 

The following business letters and legal forms should be carefully 
learned, as in them are many terms with which the stenographer 
should be familiar. 



MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



BUSINESS LETTER No. 1. 

Chicago, August 29, 1896. 
Mr. John M. Hartwell, Jr., 

Davenport, Iowa. 
Dear Sir : 

Your favor of the 27th inst, in relation to our invoice of the 20th, 
came duly to hand, and we note carefully what you say in reference to 
prices charged in that invoice. 

In reply we would say that you are in error in regard to our quota- 
tions, as you will readily see by reference to our recent letter. The 
price you name for No. 4 straight is right, but, as we then stated, on 
No. 6 and 8 we cannot allow more than 20 per cent, off from our list. 

Trusting that you will find that we are correct in this matter, and 
awaiting your further orders, we remain 

Yours respectfully, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 123 



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124 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



BUSINESS LETTER No. 2. 

Chicago, August 29, 1896. 
Messrs. Baker, Young & Co., 

Louisville, Ky. 

Gentlemen : 

We have on hand in the neighborhood of 3000 lbs. of Scrap Cop- 
per, which we should be glad to sell you, if you can make use of same. 
This scrap consists entirely of the trimmings of the disks which you 
have made for us during the past year. It is packed in barrels and 
boxes, ready for shipment, is free from oil and dirt, and can be recast 
without undergoing any cleaning process whatever. 

Kindly let us know at once what this is worth to you, F. O. B. 
cars, this city, and oblige 

Very truly yours, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 125 



BUSINESS LETTER No. 2. 



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126 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



BUSINESS LETTER No. 3. 

Chicago, August 29, 1896. 
Mr. Geo. Birkhoff, Jr., 

Pres. y Chicago Real Estate Board. 
Dear Sir : 

I have been using the rating department of the Real Estate Board 
for the past three years, with entirely satisfactory results. I have 
found the service prompt and reliable, the reports being rendered gen- 
erally within twelve hours after application. Aside from the manifest 
advantages of the system, there is this further one which I feel is not 
generally recognized : If desired, the report itself, as from a disinter- 
ested source, can be presented to the landlord, who, recognizing that 
the lease is made on the strength of the past record of the applicant 
rather than the impressions of an agent, acquits the agent of blame 
should the tenant prove disappointing. 

Yours truly, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 



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MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



BUSINESS LETTER No. 4. 



Chicago, August 29, 1896. 
Mr. George E. Fuller, 

Galena, 111. 
Dear Sir : 

Your favor of the 28th inst. is at hand. We send you by this 
mail a copy of our illustrated catalogue, on page 20 of which you will 
find cuts and price-list of articles required. These can either be had 
separately or in combination, as may be desired. 

Messrs. Young & Co., of your town, act as our agent, and can 
sell at our prices, making you a considerable saving in time and trans- 
portation. We sent your letter to them, requesting that they see 
you at once regarding this matter. As soon as we receive your order 
through them, we will give it prompt attention and will guarantee the 
safe arrival of the machine and parts. 

Trusting you will favor Messrs. Young & Co. with your order, 

we remain 

Yours respectfully, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 



129 



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MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



BUSINESS LETTER No. 5. 

Chicago, August 29, 1896. 
Messrs. Wheeler & Co., 

Jackson, Mich. 
Gentlemen : 

I have sent you by to-day's express a proof of the new sample 
card, lettered according to your instructions, and which I trust will 
please you in every respect. I have followed as closely as possible the 
lines laid down in your favor of the 30th ult., and am myself well 
pleased with the result. Please examine the card carefully when 
received and report without delay, when, if it is satisfactory, I will go 
ahead and get the first lot out. 

As I understand the matter, delivery is to be made in lots of 5000 
each, the first delivery to be made on or before December 15, and the 
entire lot to be in your hands January 1, 1897. Is this correct ? 

Kindly let us hear from you at your earliest convenience, and oblige 
Yours truly, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 



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132 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND 



BUSINESS LETTER No. 6. 

Chicago, August 29, 1896. 
Mr. William C. Johnson, 

Milwaukee, Wis. 
Dear Sir : 

Yours of the 28th inst. has been received and noted. Enclosed 
please find order for goods to go to New York under same conditions, 
prices, and terms as previous order. Kindly do the very best you can 
for us in the matter of transportation and hasten the goods forward 
with all possible speed. 

Enclosed we hand you check covering amount of invoice, and trust 
that the same will be found entirely satisfactory. We are greatly en- 
couraged by ready sale of the goods ordered on the 26th tilt., and 
presume we shall be in a position to send larger and more valuable 
orders in the near future. 

Please acknowledge the receipt of check, and oblige 

Yours very truly, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 



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134 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



BUSINESS LETTER No. 7. 

Chicago, August 29, 1896. 
Messrs. H. J. Harris & Sons, 

Chicago, 111. 
Gentlemen : 

We are about making our advertising contracts for 1897, and 
should be pleased to have you quote us your bottom price, for five 
inches single-column advertisement in several weekly papers, having 
a circulation of not less than 5000 each. We should also like price 
on a similar list in Great Britain, of about 100 monthly publications, 
in which we would wish to insert advertisement of about 225 words. 

We enclose copy for both home and foreign use, from which you 
can get some idea as to the space necessary for a proper display. Cuts 
will be furnished by ourselves, and the type matter must be followed 
as closely as possible. 

Kindl) 7 let us hear from you at once, and oblige 

Yours truly, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 



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I3 6 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND 



BUSINESS LETTER No. 8. 

Chicago, August 29, 1896. 
Mr. Henry L. Jackson, 

G. F. A., L. E. & M. C. R'y, 

Chicago, 111. 
Dear Sir : 

On the 20th inst. we sent via your company four cases of woolen 
goods. We have a letter this morning stating that the goods have not 
yet been received. 

In his letter Mr. Graves says that he has heard nothing from 
them. We do not understand how this can be the case, and cannot 
see why it should take from 15 to 20 days to deliver goods at a distance 
of less than 400 miles. If this delay is necessary, however, we should 
much prefer to go back to the old-fashioned but seemingly more rapid 
style of delivery known as " Way Freight." 

Your immediate attention to this matter will greatly oblige 
Yours truly, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 



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138 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



BUSINESS LETTER No. 9. 

Chicago, August 29, 1896. 
Charles D. Wood, Esq., 

Paterson, N. J. 
Dear Sir : 

Your favor of the 20th is at hand, together with catalogue and 
samples. In reply we hand you an order enclosed, with the under- 
standing that the goods are sent to us subject to our approval, and that 
if they do not turn out to our satisfaction, they may be returned within 
60 days. Unless you are willing to allow us this privilege, we do not 
feel like making a trade with you at the present time, as we are be- 
tween summer and winter, and do not care to carry over a large stock 
to next season. We will, of course, do our best to make a prompt sale 
of the articles named in the enclosed order, but as it is a question 
whether or not we can do so at this late day, we prefer to receive the 
goods subject to the above mentioned terms. 

Yours truly, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 



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MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



BUSINESS LETTER No. 10. 

Chicago, August 29, 1806. 
James G. Field, Esq., 

Cincinnati, O. 
Dear Sir : 

Your communications of the 19th and the 20th inst. came duly to 
hand in the absence of the writer, which explains the delay in our 
reply. We have entered orders 820 and 821, and the goods are now in 
the hands of the shipping clerk, and will go forward to-day or to- 
morrow by express. We must, however, decline to fill order No. 822, 
until we have some better and more satisfactory information concerning 
White & Co., as we do not think it would be wise to ship so large an 
order to a comparatively strange house. We do not find their rating 
in any of the commercial agencies, and would ask you to look into the 
matter carefully and wire us any and all information you can get 
with reference to same. 

We send you enclosed our new price list, which will go into effect 
next month. 

Please examine carefully and only take orders upon the basis of 

this list. 

Yours very truly, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 



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BUSINESS LETTERS. 

The following letters are from representative business houses of Chicago. They 

are a valuable feature of this book, as they cover correspondence in 

mercantile, manufacturing, board of trade, real estate, 

railroad, and publishing lines. 



Chicago, 189S. 

Dear Sir : 

Referring to your letter of the 28th inst., inquiring for our prices 
and terms, we take pleasure in mailing you to-day the last issue of our 
catalogue. Our terms for approved credit are 30 days net less 1% dis- 
count in 10 days. As we are very desirous of placing your name upon 
our books, we will offer to date your bill October 1. The reputation 
of our goods is well known to you, and we feel sure that if you favor 
us with your orders our business relations will be mutually pleasant 
and profitable. 

Thanking you for writing us, and awaiting your valued orders, 
we remain 

Yours respectfully, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sirs : 

Replying to your inquiry as to our present price for Coal F. O. B. 
vessel at Buffalo, we beg to name you : Broken, $5.25 ; Egg, Stove 
and Chestnut, $5.50 per gross ton of 2,240 lbs. Terms : 30 days from 
date of B. L. 

The present rate of freight from Buffalo to Chicago is 30c per net 
ton of 2,000 lbs., which delivers the coal alongside your dock in this 
city free of any expense to vessel for unloading. 

Should you favor us with your order, kindly advise whether we 
shall insure for your account, or whether you will attend to this matter. 

Yours truly, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 143 



Chicago, 1893. 

Dear Sir : 

Car went to the C. B. & Q. at Peoria 3 / 10, back 3/11. No de- 
livery reported. Car returned from the C. B. & Q. at Peoria 3/29. 
Please see what you can find about six boards in side broken, two 
wrong brake hangers, two heads and two shoes. 



Yours truly, 



Chicago, 1893. 

Dear Sir : 

Above car was at Des Moines Jan. 9th, with three wooden brake 
beams, six foreign brake shoes, four of them marked " F. S." 

Car came to us from the B., C. R. & N. at Muscatine on Jan. 5th, 
and moved straight to Des Moines. It must have had these defects 
when it came on our line. 

Do you know anything about this, and did car carry card for 
defects ? 

Yours truly, 



Chicago, 1893. 

Dear Sir : 

Enclosed find attached papers with Mr. Dunham's letter of April 
20th, enclosing our Feb'y bill against the M. D. T. Co., amounting to 
$13.46. Corrected bill, amounting to $12.41, is also enclosed. 

We have had no notice that M. D. T. cars were controlled by the 
N. Y. C. & H. R. R., as M. C. B. rules say cars must be treated ac- 
cording to the initials they bear, and we have been treating these as 
individual cars. 

The parts repaired, as per bill, gave out under fair usage. 

Yours truly, 



144 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



Chicago, 1893. 

^ear Sir : 

Enclosed herewith you will find nine cards, memos, from bills of 
Cudahy Packing Co., supported by cards issued at Omaha. You can 
see the movement of each car and our inspectors' reports on defects. 

You said whenever we had any of these bills to send them to you, 
as you might be able to have them cancelled. See what yon can do 
in these cases, and let me have the cards back as soon as possible. 

Yours truly, 



Chicago, 1893. 

Dear Sir : 

Herewith all papers with yours of Apr. 28th and blotter against 
American Coal Co., amounting to $4.54. These repairs did not cost 
us $4.54. As I cannot show the items to make the amount mentioned, 
I have shown the amount in total on the blotter. 

Did you intend me to retain these papers ? I note your letter 
reads, " Papers, authorizing charge, on file in your office." I suppose 
it was an error in the print, " your " being intended for " our." 

Yours truly, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sir : 

We have received your favor of the 28th inst., in reference to 
communication received from the S. A. Sawyer Manufacturing Co., of 
St. Paul, Minn. We know nothing of what they term "Coe" Single- 
tree. As the season is now over for this class of goods, we do not 
believe it would be worth while to send the branches a letter in refer- 
ence to same. 

We send you circular letter No. 69, and ask you to note the dis- 
count allowed. 

Yours truly, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 145 



Chicago, 

Dear Sir : 

Your account, amounting to $529.60, is now past due, and we 
must ask you to remit at once or pay our sight draft July 24, which 
will be forwarded through Chicago National Bank for collection. 

Yours very truly, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sir : 

Replying to yours of the 8th inst., we note that by the 20th of 
next month you mean to redeem from the tax sale referred to in our 
letter of the 28th ult. We do not know that the mortgagee will con- 
sent to any such delay, as the matter has already gone long beyond the 
time that it should. We will say, however, that if he will consent to 
wait until April 20th, and the sale has not at that date been redeemed, 
you may expect foreclosure proceedings to be at once begun. 

Yours truly, 
Diet. E. M. S. 



Chicago, 1898. 

Gentlemen : 

Replying to your favor of the 15th inst., we note that Mr. Kline, 
in case the Peterson sale is made, desires to have the notes for the pur- 
chase money payable to the order of the maker, and by him endorsed 
and delivered. We shall, of course, do as you direct in the matter. 

We have obtained from the Chicago Legal News Co. a copy of the 
Acts of the last session of the Legislature, and send the same to you, 
for Mr. Kline. We have marked therein the portions pertaining to 
the present tax law on real estate. 

Yours truly, 
Diet. E.M.S. 



146 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



Chicago, 1892. 

Dear Sir : 

Acknowledging receipt of your very kind letter of the 12th inst., 
we judge from the number of the stove that you want a Royal Jewel 
Base Burner for wood, as per enclosed cut. We do not ship stoves 
C. O. D., but are pleased to name you a net price on the stove of 
$23.00 on board cars from Chicago. 

If this is not the stove that you mean, will you kindly state just 
what the stove looks like, and if it is possible we will get it for you. 
We have never made a No. 323 in a heating stove except like the cut 
enclosed. 

When you send order for stove, kindly enclose check or post office 
order to cover the amount, and we will make prompt shipment. 

Hoping to hear from you in the near future, with an order for one 
of these stoves, for which we thank you in advance, we remain 

Yours very respectfully, 



Chicago, 1894. 

Gentlemen : 

At this time of the year there is always more or less call for a 
good Bituminous coal which can be sold to your customers at a very 
cheap price. We offer you our Claire coal as a grade that will exactly 
fill the bill. This coal mines large and is screened absolutely clean. 
It is cheap and the most economical coal you can handle. We quote 
you $1.10 at the mines. The rate to your station from the mines is 
$2.63. 

We also would be very pleased to quote you prices on the highest 
grade Scranton, Lackawanna, or Lehigh Anthracite, Hocking, Wil- 
mington or LaSalle. 

Kindly make your wants known, and give us a chance to quote 
you. 

Yours truly, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 147 



Chicago, 1898. 



Gentlemen : 

Your esteemed favor of the 27th inst. at hand, and in reply 
would say it gives us pleasure to quote you from our general line a 
discount of 25% net 4 months, 25 and 5% net 30 days, 25 and 6% 
net 10 days on everything except a few special articles, as per enclosed 
list, on which the prices mentioned in list are net 30 days, subject to 
1% cash 10 days. 

We should be pleased to have you handle our line, as we feel 
sure it will give you entire satisfaction, and we are confident you will 
find our prices and terms as good as any on the market, quality con- 
sidered. 

Trusting we may be favored with at least a share of your business 
in our line, and promising to give you our very best attention, we are 

Very truly yours, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Gentlemen : 

Replying to yours of the 27th inst., we will furnish you the steel 
plates, y% of an inch thick, punched and rolled, for one flume eight 
feet in diameter and twenty feet long, at the rate of forty cents per 
pound, F. O. B. cars, Chicago. 

We estimate the weight of the first at 65,000 lbs., 

and of the second, at - 18,000 lbs. 

We have no tariff which gives the rate to Bainbridge, but have 
sent inquiry to the agent of the Plant System, and will probably 
receive the rate very shortly, and will then advise you. As you 
seemed to be anxious to get this price, thought best to send it in the 
above way, as possibly you can get the rate at the freight office. 

Thanking you for the inquiry, and trusting to receive the order, 
we are 

Very truly yours, 



4S MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



Chicago, 1898. 

Gentlemen : 

Referring to your order No. 3749 for 500 Cotters to be shipped to 
Burnside, we beg to say that we are entirely out of these and were 
obliged to order from the factory. We have instructed them to make 
immediate shipment, and to advise us if there will be any delay on the 
order. 

We trust that our action in the matter will be satisfactory, and 
awaiting a continuance of your valued orders, we remain 

Yours truly, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sir : 

We are informed that you are erecting an eight-story building at 
the corner of Third and L,udlow Sts., Dayton, in which one or more 
elevators will probably be installed. As we much desire to submit a 
proposal for the elevator work, we enclose herewith an information 
sheet, the blank spaces of which we would thank you to have filled 
out with the necessary data, and return to us per enclosed stamped 
envelope. We will then have much pleasure in preparing an estimate 
of cost, and submitting you our proposition for the elevator work. 

Trusting to be favored with a reply at your convenience, we are 

Yours truly, 
(Enclosure.) 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sir : 

Instead of making 100 Prints from each of the twelve negatives, 
print 50. I have a number of others that are under way that I will 
want 50 Prints from, and cannot use any more than 50 of those that 
you are now at work on. 

I trust that you will handle them with such care that it will justify 
our placing further orders with you. 

Respectfully yours, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 149 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sir : 

Replying to your favor of the 25th inst., we beg to quote you the 
Alpha brand of Portland Cement, delivered in carload lots F. O. B. 
C. R. I. & P. Railroad dock, Chicago, at $2.60 per bbl. Terms : cash 
30 days, 1% 10 days. 

Yours very truly, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sirs : 

We are in receipt of your valued favor of the 25th, requesting us 
not to make draft for past due bills, and promising to remit $400 or 
$500 by the 8th or 10th of July and balance by the first of August. 
We shall take pleasure in conforming to your wishes regarding the 
draft and shall appreciate your promised payments, which will be 
very satisfactory. 

Thanking you in advance for the same, and soliciting your further 
favors, we remain, with best wishes, 

Yours very truly, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Gentlemen : 

Replying to your favor of the 28th ult., regret to say that we are 
entirely out of the original material used in Style 248X, and, therefore, 
submit the enclosed swatches of cloth 9218, 9219 and 9220, which are 
the nearest we have to what you have already had in this style, and 
which make up equally as well. In ordering, do not fail to give style 
of jacket desired, whether lined or unlined, and if you wish the seam 
strapped or simply stitched. 

Awaiting your pleasure in the matter, we are 

Yours very truly, 



I50 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



Chicago, 1898. 

Gentlemen : 

We were much surprised to learn in your communication of the 
23rd inst. that you had not received the samples, which on two occa- 
sions we mailed you. We again mail you a set of our twelve latest 
designs, and enclose herewith price-list governing the same. At pres- 
ent we are having photographed a series of six new designs, and hope 
to have copies of them ready at an early date, and we will remember 
you when they are ready for distribution. 

We trust you will be able to use these samples to our mutual profit. 
Respectfully yours, 



Chicago, 1892. 

Gentlemen : 

Replying to that portion of your letter of the 19th inst. in refer- 
ence to the discount on Farmers' Boilers, would say that our very best 
four months' discount of 50 and 5%, with an extra 5% for cash in 30 
days, applies to them as well as to our stoves. We should be pleased 
to have you place an order with us for some of them, which you will 
find just as effective as our Heaters and Ranges. 

Hoping that we may receive an order from you in the near future 
for some of these, for which we thank you in advance, we remain 
Yours very respectfully, 



Chicago, 1898 

Dear Sir : 

Under separate cover, we mail you a set of samples, illustration 
12, new designs. We enclose herewith price-list governing the sale of 
these goods, and we hope within two weeks' time to furnish you with 
our catalogue, including Accessories, and six of our latest designs in 
Continuous Grounds, sample negatives of which are now being made. 
We trust you will be able to use these to our mutual profit. 
Respectfully yours, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 15 I 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sir : 

We have your order of the 10th inst. for one suit of lot 1-1005 
and one extra pair of trousers. We send you the suit to-day as or- 
dered. We cannot send the extra pair of trousers, as our goods are 
only made in full suits, and we do not break suits, all of which is ex- 
plained in note 4, page of instructions. We have the cloth and can 
make these trousers to order for $6.50. 

Kindly let us hear from you further in the matter, and oblige 
Yours very truly, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Gentlemen : 

We have your letter of the 25th inst., and wish to thank you for 
the complimentary reference to the woodwork recently supplied by us 
for your offices. We have entered your additional order, which is now 
in work. We think it can be completed and in place inside of three 
weeks. 

Thanking you once more for your valued patronage, and hoping 
to merit a continuance of your confidence in our business relations, 
we are 

Very truly yours, 



Chicago; 1898. 

Gentlemen : 

We note carefully the contents of your favor of the 16th inst. If 
the list price of $20.00 on Burlap Grounds will enable you to increase 
the sale of these goods, then we will make the list $23.00, although 
with our trade here we are retaining the list price of $25.00 on these 
goods. It is to be definitely understood that this quotation is only to 
cover your trade. 

Awaiting your further favors, we are 

Respectfully yours, 



152 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sir : 

Replying to your favor of the 1st inst., we will be pleased to have 
you go into business, and the guaranty of Mr. John E. Dow of Hunt- 
ington, Ind., would cause us to feel perfectly safe regarding the settle- 
ment of any account for which he might become responsible, but we 
do not care to take any more accounts on indefinite time of payment. 
If you will write us again, and advise us more particularly what you 
think you can do, the amount of stock you would require, etc., we will 
give the matter our prompt attention, and something may grow out of 
it to our mutual benefit. 

At present we do not know of any particular place that would be 
better than others to start in business, and we think you will agree 
with us that a great deal more depends upon you than the location. 
Doubtless you can satisfy yourself as to a town, if other matters can 
be arranged +o your satisfaction. 

Yours very truly, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Gentlemen : 

Your kind order of the 17th inst. is at hand, and will receive our 
best attention. Pending shipment, however, we should be pleased to 
have you favor us with some figures relating to your financial con- 
dition. We are constrained to make this request by the fact that your 
name is entirely new to us, and the information that we are able to 
obtain through the regular channels is very indefinite. 

We enclose you herewith one of our blanks, which kindly fill out 
and return to us at your early convenience, or, should you prefer, you 
can give us the information in such form as may seem proper to you. 
The facts that we desire are outlined on our form. 

Thanking you in advance for such courtesy as you may extend to 
us in this matter, we are 

Very truly yours, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 153 



Chicago, 1898. 



Dear Sir : 

A few days ago our Mr. Williams called on you for the purpose of 
convincing you of the fact that this company, being the largest manu- 
facturers of knives, sickles, sections, guards, etc., is in position to sell 
same to the trade at prices much lower than are offered by the machine 
companies. Unfortunately he found you were not ready to make up 
your order for such goods as you will need for the coming season's 
trade. 

We write to ask that you bear us in mind when ready to buy 
goods in this line, and either send us mail order, or specifications of 
such goods as you may need, that we may quote you prices. Carrying, 
as we do, an immense stock of the different goods shown in our cata- 
logue, we are in position to fill orders without delay. 

Thanking you for past favors, and awaiting your further com- 
mands, we remain 

Yours truly, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sir : 

We are in receipt of a letter from our Mr. Fenton with enclosure 
of order, for which accept our thanks. We hope that these stoves will 
give you a good idea of the selling qualities of the "Jewel" Line 
throughout, and that you will give us an opportunity to figure with 
you on a car, which we understand you intend to purchase later in the 
season. 

You will find the "Jewel" stoves sellers on sight, and we feel cer- 
tain that they will be the means of your greatly increasing your profits 
for the coming year if you will devote your interests to them. Our 
stoves are perfectly made, well advertised and closely sold, and if you 
are looking for stoves of this kind, we are certain we can meet your 
wants. 

Again thanking you for the kind order, and soliciting your further 
patronage, we remain 

Yours very respectfully, 



154 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



Chicago, 1898. 

Gentlemen : 

Referring to visit recently made you by our Mr. Wright and his 
failure to interest you in or secure your order for any goods in this 
line, we respectfully refer you to our catalogue No. 47, copy of which 
we presume you have, and ask you to look through same, making up 
list of such goods shown in it as you can use during the coming sea- 
son, and send to us for prices. 

Being the largest manufacturers in the world of mower knives, 
binder sickles, sections, and other items of machine repairs, we are in 
position to name prices much lower than can be offered by any other 
manufacturer, which fact, in addition to the further fact that we carry 
a complete stock of all goods shown in catalogue here at Chicago 
ready for instant shipment, should be an inducement for you to send 
us mail orders for such goods as you can use. 

Soliciting your favors, which shall have very prompt attention, 
we remain 

Yours truly, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Gentlemen : 

Referring to our requisition K 1437 for 8,000 Hex Nuts T %, and 
6,000 ys, we beg to say that you promised to ship these some time 
during the week. As yet we have received no manifest for these, and 
as our customers are in very much of a hurry for them, we trust that 
you will get them off at once. 

We trust that you have already made shipment. If so, please 
send us manifest at once. At all events, let us hear from you by re- 
turn mail, and greatly oblige 

Yours truly, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 



155 



Chicago, 1898. 

Gentlemen : 

Answering your communication of the 21st inst., regarding the 
order for special Ground, you may instruct your customer to return 
this Ground by express, and we will repaint it as you advise. In 
handling the design we used our best judgment, and had in view the 
best possible service that could be obtained from it. We will repaint 
it, however, following carefully the design as given, and make ship- 
ment at an early date. Please advise your customer to notify us when 
and how he returns the Ground. 

We hold the order for E. H. Evans, as you instruct. 
Respectfully yours, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sir : 

We hand you herewith check in payment of the enclosed bill. 
Kindly acknowledge receipt of same. 

Will you give me your list quotations on the following numbers : 
64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, and 82. 
You gave me these quotations on the back of a sample print, but be- 
fore I mounted the print I neglected to take a copy of the figures. 
May I ask if you keep in stock these goods, so that should I be able to 
make a sale of them, I might promise shipment within two weeks' time. 

Awaiting your reply, I am 

Yours very truly, 
Enclosure. 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sir : 

Referring to the enclosed correspondence, would say that since 
the date of Mr. Young's letter we have sent orders for about 10 cars 
to Trenton mines, and we, therefore, ask you to arrange to have this 
number of Wabash stock or box cars delivered to the B. & O. South- 
western for loading at our Trenton mines. 

Kindly comply with this request, and oblige 

Yours trulv, 



156 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Gentlemen : 

We received your favor of the 17th inst. with B/L for car 
36,718 Flax, which will have our very best attention on its arrival, 
and we hope it will meet with a favorable market. We shall certainly 
do the best we can for you, and advise } r ou as soon as sold. 

We also note that the freight is prepaid on this shipment, and we 
hope that we can please you in every respect. We enclose P/C for 
the details of the markets, and remain 

Yours truly, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sir : 

We beg to confirm purchase for you to-day of 100 shares of 
National Biscuit Company preferred stock at 90c, and hereby 
acknowledge receipt of One Thousand ($1,000) Dollars deposited as 
margins on same. We will carry this stock as above, charging inter- 
est at the rate of six per cent per annum on difference between cost 
price and amount of margins. 

We have your open order to buy 100 shares, or any part of 
Diamond Match Company stock at 132^ per share. 

Thanking you for the same, we beg to remain 

Yours very truly, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Gentlemen : 

Referring to your invoice No. 9627, covering shipment of washers 
to A. W. M., Milwaukee, Wis., via C. & N. W. R'y, we beg to say 
that Mr. M. claims that he has not as yet received an expense bill for 
this material, and request that same be traced and forwarded as soon 
possible. 

Kindly take the matter up with the railroad company and have 
them show delivery, and oblige 

Yours respectfully, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 1 57 



Chicago, 1898. 

Gentlemen : 

Noting your favor of the 29th inst., beg to say that the customer 
to whom we sold the coal due on order No. 482 was in the office this 
morning, and insists that we must get him at least one car of Nut and 
one car of Range shipped at once, and he is perfectly willing to wait 
a few days for the balance. In view of this can you not arrange to 
have shipment of one car of each of the sizes above named made at 
once. 

Awaiting your reply, we are 

Yours truly, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sirs : 

We have your favor of the 12th inst., sent to cur New York office 
and forwarded to us for attention. We are sending you to day our 
catalogue and supplement. Will you kindly make selections of such 
clocks as you think you can use, and tell us in how large quantity 
you will place an order. We will then be pleased to quote you special 
net prices. Of course the larger the order the lower the price. 

Kindly send your communication direct to this office, and oblige 

Yours truly, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Gentlemen : 

Answering your favor of the 28th inst., we are pleased to quote 
you our genuine Lackawanna Coal F. O. B. Chicago, at the following 
prices : 

Grate, $4.75 , 

Egg, Stove, and Chestnut, - - 5.00 
per net ton of 2,000 lbs. 

Our coal is bright and of smooth fracture, and, we believe, 
superior to any other for domestic use. Your business is very desira- 
ble, and we should be pleased to hear from you with order. 

Yours truly, 



158 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sir : 

Your favor of the 30th, enclosing orders from Peoria and Bloora- 
ington, came duly to hand. We trust Samuel Clark will prove to be 
a permanent and profitable customer. 

In dealing with our patrons, we desire you to extend all possible 
favors, and make quotations according to quantities desired by them. 
When you next visit Peoria call on Wilson & Da}', and endeavor to 
secure an order from them. 

Yours very truly, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sir": 

We write to ask whether you would consider a sale of your bus- 
iness property. We have a customer who wishes either to purchase 
outright or take a lease for 99 years without revaluation. If you 
would care to consider a sale at $200,000 or a lease for 99 years at 
4^ °) upon that amount, we should be glad to take the matter up 
with you. In case of our effecting a sale or a lease, we should 
expect the usual commission of 2}4%. 

Trusting you will favor us with an early reply, we remain 
Yours very truly, 



Chicago, 1898, 

Dear Sir : 

We are iri receipt of your favor of Sept. 24, and have also received 
the Advance Thresher Teeth and Nuts which you have returned. We 
herewith hand you credit memorandum for $9.80 covering same, which 
we trust will be satisfactory. 

This memorandum applies to order No. 13425. 

Yours truly, 



BUSINESS LETTERS. 159 



Chicago, 1898. 

Gentlemen ; 

Answering your favor of the 15th inst., regarding the 5x6 Ground 
recently painted for you, we have to advise that the only intelligent 
way by which we can adjust the matter would be for you to instruct 
your customer to send us the sample print, showing wherein we have 
differed from your instructions, as given in the original order. In 
tracing this matter at the studio, I am informed that they followed 
carefully all the directions that were given, and I am at a loss to un- 
derstand how your customer could have received a Plain Blend Ground. 
If we are at fault in this matter, you can rest assured that it will have 
our immediate attention. 

Awaiting your reply, we are 



Respectfully yours, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sirs : 

I hand you herewith a short extract from the report of the exam- 
inations recently made of our company. If you can find space for the 
slip marked "A" in blue pencil, or something similar to this in the 
forthcoming issue of your journal, please send us as many copies of 
your issue containing same as the enclosed check for $10 will pay for, 
and oblige. 

For your further information, I also hand you full text of the 
letters from which this extract was taken. 

Yours truly, 



P. S. Please advise me promptly how many copies of your jour- 
nal we may expect to receive for this remittance. 



160 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



Chicago, 1898. 

Gentlkmen : 

Receipt is hereby acknowledged of your valueu favor of the 26th 
inst. , enclosing order No. 384, covering 50 tons of beams and channels, 
to be punched, coped and fitted in accordance with blue prints, sheets 
Nos. 27 to 44 inclusive, accompanying your letter. This order has 
been entered at $1.50 per lb. base, card extras for shop work, F. O. B. 
cars, Springfield, 111. Terms : 30 days net. 

It is noted that two items on sheet No. 31 and one item on sheet 
38 call for an unusual amount of labor, including bending, not covered 
by the card extras, which work will be charged on the basis of shop 
costs. We have requested our mill people to get the material on the 
way at the earliest date possible. 

With thanks for the order, we remain 

Yours truly, 



Chicago, 1898. 

Dear Sir : 

We are in receipt of your letter of the 6th inst., and complying 
with your request, we will mail you under another cover discount 
sheet, applying to No. 47 catalogue, a copy of which you say you have 
on file. This is our last edition printed, but we expect to issue a new 
catalogue soon. 

We wish to assure you that we will at all times give you the 
benefit of the lowest possible prices on goods in our line, and although 
you will not find the Keystone Thresher Spikes named in catalogue, 
we can furnish you with them at the same price as regular Thresher 
Teeth delivered on cars here. Terms 60 days, 2% for cash in 10 days. 

Awaiting your further favors, we remain 

Yours truly, 



LAW FORMS. 



State of Illinois, ) 
County of Cook, j ss - 

In the Circuit Court of Cook County. 

Wallace, Young & Co. 

vs. ,_.,•„, . 

The Crescent Mill Co. 

Before Judge Baker and a Jury. 
Chicago, Sept. 1, 1898. 

Appearances : 

For Plaintiff, Harvey & Summer. 

For Defendant, Otto C. Miller. 
Direct examination by Mr. Harvey. 

Q. What is your name ? A. George E. Gates. 

Q. What is your business, Mr. Gates ? A. Credit man. 

Q. For whom ? A. Wallace, Young & Co. 

Q. In the wholesale or retail? A. In the wholesale. 

Q. Have you written evidence of your claim. A. Yes, sir. 

The Court : Let me see it. 

Q. Do you know the handwriting of Mr. Richards ? A. No, sir. 

Q. Are you familiar with his signature? A. No, sir. 

Your honor, I cannot accept this bill, as the witness says he is not 
familiar with the handwriting or signature. 

The Court : How did you happen to receive this bill ? A. It 
was sent with a letter requesting that it be O. K'd. 

The Court ; You received it back in due course of mail ? A. 
Yes, sir. 

The Court : I think under the circumstances that it was sent and 
received through the mails it is good evidence, and I will permit its 
being offered. 

Objected to. 
Cross-examination by Mr. Miller. 

Q. Who contracted this bill ? A. John S. Drew. 

Q. For whom did he contract it ? A. For the Crescent Mill Co. 

O. Did Mr. Drew come to your office in person ? A. Yes sir. 

161 



l62 MANUAL OF SHORTHAND. 



State of Illinois, 
County of Cook. 



} 



In the Superior Court of Cook County. 

Margaret A. Fuller, ) 

vs. f Gen. No. 166,339. Term No. 

Eugene W. Fuller. 



I 



It is hereby stipulated that without notice Dedimus Protestatem 
may issue out of the office of the clerk of said court and under the 
seal of said court, directed to Charles E. Walker, the Notary Public at 
No. 319 Fulton St., in the City of Brooklyn, in the County of Kaines 
and State of New York, or any Judge, Master-in-Chancery, Notary 
Public, or Justice of the Peace of the County last named, to take dep- 
osition at said residence of Margaret A. Fuller, upon interrogatories 
to be propounded to said witness, to be used in evidence on the part of 
the said felon on trial of the above entitled cause. 

It is further stipulated that the examination of said witness under 
said commission will be begun on Thursday, the 23rd day of June, 
1898, and will continue from day to day until completed. 

Dated, Chicago, June 20, 1898. 



Solicitor for Complainant. 
Solicitor for De/endani. 



State of Illinois 
County of Cook 



> ss. 
In the Circuit Court of Cook County 



Western Furniture Co., Plaintiff, 

vs. 

George M. Harris, Defendant. 

Thomas C. Adams being duly sworn on oath says that he is the 
agent of the plaintiff in this behalf, and that he verily believes that 
the trial of said suit will not occupy more than one hour's time. 

Subscribed and sworn to before me this 23rd day of June, 1898. 



Notary Public. 



LAW FORMS. J 6-2 

151,332—8,584. 

State of Illinois, | 
County of Cook, j SSl 

In the Superior Court of Cook County. 

George E. Merrill, 

vs. 

Frank N. Smith. 

Charles L,. Knight, Attorney for the Defendant : 

You are hereby notified that the above entitled suit has been set 
down and will be called for trial by his Honor Judge Chetlain in the 
room usually occupied by him in the said Court on Wednesday, the 
22nd day of June, 1898, at nine o'clock A. M., at which time and place 
you may appear if you desire. 



Received a copy of the above notice 
this 18th day of June, 1898. 



Attorney for Plaintiff. 



Attorney for Defendant. 



State of Illinois, 
County of Cook. 



In the County Court of said County. 



In the matter of assignment 
David E. Farley, insolvent 



-} 



To the Hon. Orrin N. Carter. Judge of said Court : 

Your petitioners, John A., William R., and Frank L,. Clarke, co- 
partners, trading as Clarke Brothers, respectively represent that they 
are creditors of said insolvent ; that they desire to examine said in- 
solvent under its attached account, situation, and condition of this 
property and assets. 

Your petitioners, therefore, pray that the citation they issue here- 
with, returnable forthwith, shall command the appearance of said in- 
solvent at such examination. 



164 manual of shorthand. 

State of Illinois, ) 
County of Cook, j ss * 

In the Circuit Court of Cook County. 
The Lake Erie Railroad Co.,~) 

r 

Joseph W. Bennett. J 

To William J. Hynes, Attorney for Defendant : 

You are hereby notified to produce on the trial of this cause, for 
the use of the plaintiff, the following described circular and notices 
addressed to you, to-wit : Circular, a copy of which is set forth on 
pages 6 to 10 inclusive, of the New York Deposition filed in this case. 

Notices of call to you by the Lake Erie Railroad Co., substantial 
copies of which are attached to said New York Deposition, and marked 
" Exhibits 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15," respectively, or upon your 
failure to produce the same, the plaintiff will offer secondary evidence 
of the contents of the same. 

Dated, Chicago, June 16, 1898. 



Attorney for Plaintiff. 



Received a copy of above notice 
this 17th day of June, 1898. 



Attorney Jor Dejendatn. 



State of Illinois 
County of Cook 



•'! 



In the Circuit Court of Cook County. 
Merchants' Building and Loan Ass'n, \ 

vs. MIS, 524— 7,001. 

Arthur Peabody, et al. J 

It is hereby stipulated that the reference to Edward F. Stickney, 
Master-in-Chancery, heretofore made in the above entitled cause, be 
set aside, and that a re-reference of said cause be made to said Master- 
in-Chancery to take proofs and report ; that the testimony already 
taken in said cause, before said Master-in-Chancery, shall stand, and 
that the setting aside of said reference shall not prejudice the testimony 
already so taken. 



LAW FORMS. 165 



EXTRACT FROM A LAW ARGUMENT. 



It is a common error to assume that the right of the owner to 
control his property after his death rises above all other rights. It is 
one which can be exercised only within the limits and in the mode 
prescribed by the statute. We are all equal before the law; yet the 
boy of fourteen, capable of taking millions by inheritance, is incapable 
of making a valid bequest of a single dollar. The lunatic can hold 
and inherit property, but he cannot transmit it by will. The adult 
and sane testator may bequeath his property to whom he will, with 
the important qualification that he can not give it to a donee incom- 
petent to take, or trammel it with trusts or restrictions which the 
statute forbids. He may make a disposition of his estate for a purpose 
which in itself may seem praiseworthy and benevolent, but it can not 
stand if the law condemns it upon considerations of public policy. 

In this case Fuller's intentions were generous and humane. His 
last will fails simply because its provisions are illegal. Your honor 
will determine the questions of law involved, without reference to the 
effect of the decision on the interests of the respective claimants. It 
is much more important that fundamental principles be upheld, and 
that the integrity of our statutes be maintained, than that this particu- 
lar estate should take a direction which the law does not sanction. 



STENOGRAPHERS AND SCHOOLS. 



In presenting a few thoughts in the interest of stenographers, I 
wish, first of all, to pay my respects to them and to have them know 
that I associate the highest respectability and responsibility with their 
work. The young man or young woman that is able to transcribe the 
correspondence of a business house or of a law office, and to perform . 
the many other arduous duties in connection therewith, certainly com- 
mands respect, whether that labor be intellectual or physical. It must 
be admitted, however, that the rating the public puts upon the ability 
of this class of people is not high, resulting from insufficient prepara- 
tion, as has been declared by every business and professional man who 
has had any experience with stenographers in general. 

The reputation stenographers have for inferior ability is largely 
the fault of the schools in which they have studied. It is the desire 
of the majority of applicants to get such instruction as will qualify 
them to do intelligent and rapid work, and they generally seek a school 
that claims to offer these advantages. The course offered in many 
of the schools is wholly inadequate, but the inducements offered to 
enter are invariably superior, even to those who lack a common- school 
education. 

There is room in this country for any number of schools that are 
honest in their methods and faithful to the interests of their patrons. 
The instruction given in the inferior schools is chiefly in the short- 
hand. The great importance of ski 1 lful typewriting work, which, in 
letter form, becomes the medium o. communication between the corre- 
spondents, carrying with it a favorable or unfavorable impression, 
according to the merits of the operator's work, is sadly neglected. 
Not sufficient instruction is given in commercial and legal terms, 
punctuation, spelling, capitalization and paragraphing. Many of the 
graduates of the o-called shorthand schools are unable to punctuate 
with any degree of correctness, to say nothing of their spelling, of 
their way of putting a letter in form, or of their transcription of the 
matter dictated — all to the indescribable vexation of the busy em- 
ployer. The student should be impressed with the actual requirements 
of business, and to this end the instruction should be thorough and 
practical. 

The services of competent and trustworthy stenographers are indi- 
spensable and always in demand. This fact should encourage schools 
in offering a broad course of study, and their doing so would dignify 
a line of work in which an excellent class of young men and young 
women is engaged. — Charles R. Barrett. 

i 66 



BUSINESS COLLEGES 



The function of the business college is to supplement the work of 
the public school to the extent of qualifying young men and young 
women to perform clerical duties and to comprehend mercantile affairs. 
Chicago offers an ideal field for the business college, and it is for its 
business men to say of what importance such an institution is in our 
educational work. The business college cannot do more than meet the 
requirements of business men, and it certainly can not do less and be 
recognized as a necessary institution. Its chief mission is to give 
instruction in business methods. 

The public school affords a general education. It qualifies for life 
work, but not for any particular calling in life. The prospective phy- 
sician attends a medical school ; so should the prospective business 
man attend a business school to qualify himself thoroughly. This he 
can do in less time in this way than by entering upon the actual duties 
without preparation. The public school does not offer a business train- 
ing, neither is it the province of the business college to impart regular 
elementary and academic instruction. As conditions are, however, it 
is often necessary to supplement the pupil's meager education by a 
more thorough course in the common branches. The more nearly 
complete the preparation on entering a business college the more satis- 
factory the results. There should be developed in the business college 
student a broader and higher aim than merely to acquire a knowledge 
of book keeping, correspondence, shorthand and typewriting. Some 
of the necessary features of such a course are instruction in govern- 
ment, good citizenship, comparing traits of character in successful and 
unsuccessful men, the importance of honesty, promptness, courtesy 
and many other kindred subjects. A manly, independent spirit should 
be cultivated at this formative age of the student. 

Our business colleges annually qualify thousands of young people 
to earn a living, but a living for a boy is not a living for a man. The 
boy's beginning generally determines the man's future. These colleges 
should adopt a course of study that is more in keeping with the 
advanced ideas of this industrial age. Let them show a positive need 
of their existence, and then they will take a higher place among the 
educational and commercial institutions of our country. — Charles R. 
Barrett. 

367 



CHARACTER IN A NAME. 



What is your name? Do you like it? Does it convey a good im- 
pression to a stranger? Is it helpful to the reputation you desire? 
Does it suggest a substantial character? These questions require a 
serious answer. 

Perhaps you will find that you have allowed your acquaintances 
to be careless in the use of your name. If so, you should have the 
fault corrected. The name in some indefinable way is often prophetic 
of the character of the man. The practice of carrying a nickname 
through life is permitted only by ignorance, but it is common among 
those who have no appreciation of the manifold suggestions in a name. 
It may be uncertain whether a name, through some subtle power, has 
given character to a man, or a man through sterling merit has given 
value to the name. Be that as it may, a name should be chosen for 
its tone as well as for any possible association. 

The names of Washington Irving, Henry Ward Beecher, Oliver 
Wendell Holmes, James Russell Lowell, William Cullen Bryant, John 
Greenleaf Whittier, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Robert Louis Stevenson 
and Edgar Allen Poe are not only strikingly rhythmical, but are sug- 
gestive of the literary light of America. This two- fold power of a 
name is characteristic of almost all noted men and women of the world. 
If you call your dog Sneak or your horse Satan, the frequent repetition 
of these names impresses on these animals the characteristics suggested 
not only in your mind, but in the mind of every one who hears the 
names uttered. Failure to use a full name surely cannot be owing to 
a desire to economize time and effort in the pronunciation. It is hardly 
pardonable to use a single initial as J. Storm, C. Smith, S. Jones or 
L. Davis. 

Some people carry a pet or nickname through life, which creates 
an impression of weakness that is always detrimental. Advancement 
and reputation are difficult enough to secure under the most favorable 
conditions. No one should excuse himself on the ground that this 
notion partakes of high-headiness. affectation or conceit. Only de- 
velopment and support of character should be associated with the sug- 
gestion. A few illustrations may serve to present the argument more 
forcibly : Maggie Somebody and Margaret Somebody are two entirely 

1 68 



different persons; so are Lizzie Somebody and Elizabeth Somebody. 
The practice of using the initials weakens the name. M. Field has 
not the character we find in Marshall Field. L. J. Gage is not so 
strong a name as Lyman J. Gage. The good old names of Smith and 
Jones are made less common when we speak of Edna Florence Smith 
or Jenkin Lloyd Jones. Sometimes names grow strong by association 
as expressed in the use of the first initial and the middle name, as J. 
Pierpont Morgan or J. McGregor Adams. We admire the man who 
shows confidence in himself, who has improved the opportunities 
that give him the right to feel that he is somebody, who aspires to 
live a useful and influential life, who shows self-respect and courtesy, 
from which spring respect and courtesy to others. The value of a 
strong name is worthy of attention in the homes and in our institutions 
of learning, the two places where the foundation of character is laid. 

The plan should be to use it in the fixed way on all occasions and 
to es.ablish the name in all its strength. Persons who observe the 
proprieties of life will address you as you sign yourself or as your 
name has been established. The name will act as a diplomatic agent 
in advance of your personal acquaintance and will give you a favora- 
ble introduction to strangers. It rests with you to sustain the good 
impression made. Among the many suggestions that might be offered 
young men and young women it is doubtful if any one is more worthy 
of adoption. We should do away with such characterless names as 
Maggie, Birdie, Lizzie, Bill, Tom, Dick, Joe, Mike and Pat. They 
belong only to common-place people and rob the persons of the in- 
fluence they might possess under stronger names. The abbreviation 
of names is also entirely too common and deprives the names of their 
real strength. 

Although authorized, it is not according to the best taste to use 
Jas. for James, Geo. for George, Wm. for William, Chas. for Charles, 
Ed. for Edward, Robt. for Robert or Ben. for Benjamin. The custom 
is false economy of time and labor. We should not shirk the effort to 
make the best impressions. We cannot afford to lose a legitimate 
opportunity to advance ourselves. A desire to be somebody in the 
useful walks of life must be supported by earnest, intelligent effort and 
a high regard for character. Let y our name indicate the exercise of 
such desire and so win the advantage of having created, by sound or 
association, or both, the most favorable impression upon those with 
whom contact will verify all claims to which character alone entitles 
you. — Charles R. Barrett. 

169 



ADVICE TO BOYS. 



Whenever you find an instance of success, you will find that suc- 
cess based upon substantial qualities of mind and heart. There is no 
one quality that will insure a man's success more than loyalty to his 
mother, because the qualities that produce success are largely the 
outgrowth of such loyalty. It is the foundation of manhood. 

L,et me cite two instances where great Americans are noted for 
that particular loyalty. First, James A. Garfield, who, when he took 
the oath on assuming the office of president of the United States, 
standing in the presence of the great throng that witnessed the inaug- 
ural ceremonies, kissed the Bible, and then turned and kissed his 
mother. Kissing his mother was something that never had been done 
under similar circumstances, and it won for him the warmest expres- 
sions of admiration. 

What greater lesson has been taught American youth than that 
of President McKinley's loyalty to his mother? He who holds the 
highest office in the gift of seventy millions of free and enlightened 
people, laid aside the duties of his great office to go time and again 
from the seat of government to the bedside of his mother in her humble 
Ohio home. With all the responsibility upon him, no member of the 
mother's household watched more tenderly or more prayerfully at her 
side than he. It was the one duty his big heart would not entrust 
to another. 

It is a sad fact that the American youth lacks much of the love 
he should bear his mother. You may be grown to manhood in years, 
but your mother gave you more care during the first five years of your 
life than you have given her in all the years since. There is nothing 
that equals a mother's care during the first five years of her child's 
life, when it is the most helpless little creature on earth. There is no 
sacrifice that she will not make for it. 

If I were to estimate a boy's future, I should want to know, first 
of all, his regard for his mother. If I were to venture to name a fault 
in a great many boys, it would be that they rarely think of kissing 
their mothers good-bye on leaving for school or work, or of greeting 
her when they return home in the evening. They lose sight of many 
duties they owe her. I imagine that nothing can afford a mother 



more pleasure than to have her boy regret her absence and welcome 
her presence. She may be sometimes impatient, sometimes irritable, 
but think of her cares and worries. I want to tell you that when she 
is impatient and cross, you are many times to blame for it. She sur- 
renders to your wishes more than you surrender to hers. She has 
more anxiety for you than you have for her. When you go home this 
evening, look into your mother's face and you will find that time and 
care have been at work upon it. You will see wrinkles in her face. 
You will see threads of gray in her hair, but remember that you have 
been the cause of a great many of those wrinkles and gray hairs. 
They are symbols of concern and love for you. 

When on the camp ground at Springfield a few weeks ago, it was 
a sad sight to me to see mothers looking for their soldier boys. Some 
of those mothers looked as if they had spent all they had for the cost 
of seeing their boys in camp. Time was never so precious to the 
mothers, and home delicacies never so good to the boys. I took the 
train from Springfield amid the saddest hearts I have ever seen. They 
were mothers' hearts, broken by the forced separation from their sons. 
They might meet again and they might not. I should like to have 
our boys be serious on this subject. I am not telling you how much 
I love my mother, because, for many years, she has lived only in 
memory. If she were living, it would be the one pleasure of my life 
to make her happy. I cannot forget the fact that I am indebted to 
her for more than to any other person in the world. The time is 
coming when you will regret that you were not as good and thought- 
ful and loving to your mother as you might have been. The time is 
coming when all you can do for her will be to put a few flowers upon 
her grave. When that time comes you will wish you had been more 
tender, more considerate, and more loving to her. Then you will re- 
alize that she was the dearest mother that ever lived. If some one 
should ask you if you had ever told her so, you would have to acknowl- 
edge that you had not. You should neglect no opportunity to make 
her life as bright and cheerful as it is possible for a son to do. 

You may think this subject is too sentimental, but your future 
happiness depends upon it. There is not enough home sentiment in 
American life to-day. The foundation of sentiment is love for mother. 
Following it is love for country and good citizenship. 

There are boys that must be a source of annoyance at home. I 
know it, because they could not be what they are and be otherwise at 
home. I know that they have not the proper regard for their mothers. 



i7i 



Mother is the center of attraction in every home and there is no 
real home without her. I wish the boys would register a vow in their 
hearts that they will treat their mothers with more consideration in 
the future. It takes manhood to make such a vow and keep it. It 
does not belittle a boy to be affectionate and to love his mother. It 
does not belittle him to surrender to her wishes and to kiss her good- 
bye. L,et home ties be strong. In his playtime the boy forgets the 
mother's care, but let him be ailing, and mother is the first one he 
wants, and the one to soothe and relieve him. He looks to her for 
everything. Just as surely as a boy forsakes the love of his mother 
or does not reciprocate it, just as surely he will drift, into habits that 
wreck the lives of thousands. Show me the boy that is loyal to his 
mother or her memory, and I will show you one that is not addicted 
to bad habits. Bad habits represent a forsaken loyalty to mother. It 
is largely the mothers' influence that makes the world as good as it is. 
The little prayers said at the mothers' knees have done more to 
christianize the world than all the churches combined. There is some- 
thing in the sacred trust and in the humility that attends the little 
child, bowed at its mother's knee, that never leaves its nature. 
Never. It remains an everlasting quality for good. 

To succeed we must possess certain qualities, and those qualities 
are not easily acquired. Do you know it is easier to be bad than good, 
easier to be weak than strong, easier to be ignorant than wise, easier 
to be thoughtless than thoughtful, easier to be false than true, easier 
to be hateful than loving? Everything that you should be involves 
effort. Every boy should surrender to duty, and should cultivate the 
qualities that develop a useful life. I desire that your lives shall be 
useful to the world. I know it is your wish to have them so. Then 
do not fail to appreciate the pure, unselfish love of your mothers, and 
that appreciation and your acquired intelligence will produce the qual- 
ities that lead to usefulness and honor. — Extract from an address by 
Charles R. Barrett. 



HOW AND WHAT TO TEACH BOYS. 



To know how to teach is just as important as to know what to 
teach. To know how and what to teach in the devolopment of mind 
and character is to possess the qualities of a successful teacher. 

Teachers, you are engaged in a good work and in a high calling. 
You are doing more and building better than you know. To get ex- 
pected results you must love your work. Your heart and your soul 
must be in it. The mental development you are seeking for others 
is acquired by a slow process. You cannot hasten it any more than 
you can hasten the physical growth of the individual. The public 
expects you to give the boy the educational tools with which he is to 
earn his way in the world. The school should be an inviting place to 
him. Your work interests me, because I got my elementary education 
in the country schools. I shall never forget my struggles with long 
division and cube root, nor shall I forget that " Etymology treats of 
the classification, derivation and various modifications of words." 

The meaning of etymology was as obscure to me then as the 
Chinese language is now. I shall never forget my strife for head- 
marks in spelling and the prizes worked for and occasionally won. 
Well I remember the teachers I had in those days, more than thirty 
years ago. Some I liked better than others, but those I almost dis- 
liked then I should appreciate now. Sometimes a teacher can be 
too popular with the pupil for the good of the pupil. The teacher 
should stand firmly where the pupil is opposed to the right turn in 
life. 

I doubt if you realize the importance of your work; the responsi- 
bility that rests upon you. You shall stamp school life upon the boy. 
Your work will be his guide in the future. However recklessly and 
aimlessly a boy may wander through the years under your instruction, 
he should learn from you that to reach the stage of a successful and 
honorable career, he must pay an entrance fee at the box office of life, 
and to reach this point he must prepare to stand in line with men. He 
must pay the entrance fee with character. This you must teach him. 
No person can be made decent, honest, intelligent or patriotic by law. 
These qualities result from education, whether gained in the home, in 

i73 



the school, or out in the world. I am dealing with an important 
phase of education. I take it for granted that you exact of your 
pupils a thorough preparation of the lessons assigned in the text- 
book, which provides only the educational trunk. 

Education, like trees, must have branches, which contribute to 
harmonious development. Education should make one agreeable and 
attractive in good society. Knowledge alone will not produce such 
qualities. You must teach the pupil to hear and to see and to know 
the world. 

Wisdom is applied knowledge, and unfortunately there is in the 
world more knowledge than wisdom. A great deal of knowledge, like 
much of our energy, goes to waste. L,et us teach our boys to use 
their knowledge to advantage: to be courteous, tactful, diplomatic. 
Tactfulness is lubrication. Courtesy is the same thing. When you 
bluff or crowd you antagonize, thus creating friction, a most retarding 
element to progress. Education enables us to understand human 
nature, which differs in every person. Your boy can tell the disposi- 
tion of a horse or a dog at a glance, so can the skillful man of affairs 
read human nature, and deals with it in order to secure the advantages 
he seeks. A study of human nature will enable us to discern the 
character of people as soon as we meet them. If they impress us as 
intelligent, tact will enable us to deal with intelligent persons. It will 
also guide us in dealing with the ignorant or the conceited person. 
Any disposition will unconsciously be influenced by tactfulness. 

Character is the aim and end of all educational work, so that 
whatever the teacher does, if rightly done, must be in the building of 
character. It is a great fact that the teacher cannot teach beyond 
himself or his experience. Therefore, the teacher must possess 
character in order to impart character. To be a successful teacher 
you must be what you would have others be. A person's fitness to 
teach does not depend so much upon the requisite knowledge as upon 
the character back of the knowledge. With his instruction he imparts 
his own character, the lasting substance. A teacher will build as he 
himself built his own life. Character is what we are; reputation is 
what people think we are. Character is the foundation of manhood. 

Smiles and tears are close neighbors. Pathos develops serious- 
ness, sentiment, sympathy — indispensable qualities. Humor brightens 
and quickens the mind and produces cheer, the quality that gives cur- 
rent to life. Pathos and humor blended develop an attractive nature. 
To develop cheer, direct the pupil in reading and seeing and doing 
pleasant things in a pleasant way. 

174 



Teach him to see the bright side of life, to tell and appreciate a 
good story. A story will do much to open the brain cells. It quick- 
ens the mind. The teacher need never fear loss of dignity in the cul- 
tivation of cheer. Talk to your pupil about home and mother, suffer- 
ing, poverty, right and wrong doing. The information from the 
teacher's own store-house is more apt to awaken interest in the pupil's 
mind than that which he gets from books. There is something new 
and fresh about it. The only instruction that helps the boy is that 
which impresses him and takes root in his mind. 

Against the formation of pernicious habits in boys I think the 
teacher's influence is as great as that of the parent. I also believe that 
in order to influence boys against the formation of pernicious habits a 
teacher should himself abstain from all such habits. If he does not, 
he is certainly lacking the principal qualifications of a good teacher. 

A teacher should not smoke, chew, or drink. He should teach by 
example that a manly man need not form these habits, and a manly 
man always has a great influence over boys. A boy will stand no 
humbugging. He is proof against it. He detests and guys the man 
who teaches one thing and practices another. He demands that his 
leader shall be true to the first principles of right, and the man who 
undertakes to teach the boy to be what he himself is not makes an 
absolute failure. A poor carpenter cannot build a good house. A 
poor teacher cannot build a good character. 

Books are, in a sense, dead things. The life of the school is in 
the teacher. The successful teacher must be interested and interest- 
ing. He must have the faculty of awakening interest in his pupils. 
This cannot be done by confining the instruction to the text-book. 
The teacher must know something besides the text-book matter. 

With this additional learning he will add newness to his work, 
and by way of comparison and illustration he will impress his pupil 
with his breadth of knowledge and his thorough understanding of the 
subject he teaches. The pupil will learn twice as much from the 
teacher in whom he has confidence. 

The first requisite of a good teacher is a desirable personality, 
which may show itself in many ways. It is in the appropriateness of 
dress, in a pleasant firmness of manner, in the interest shown, in the 
force he exercises, in his ideals, in an earnest desire to get good 
results. He should not only possess a personality but he must impart 
it. Personality and individuality are leading qualities of a teacher, 
and they precede mere intellectual ability. They inspire the pupil to 
earnest work. Personality is a neglected qualitj^ largely through a 

175 



misunderstanding of its value and the means of acquirement. ^ The 
first step toward it is the desire to please, the desire to uplift, the pos- 
session of high ideals. All that we are and do is by habit. As man 
has not an instinctive nature, he learns to do all that he does, and this 
learning is through practice until habit becomes established and a part 
of the character of the person. 

The boy must be taught to govern himself. He must be held 
accountable for his acts, whether they be good, bad, foolish, or 
wicked. He should be taught that the body is the servant of the 
mind, and that the mind is responsible for every act. A self-possessed 
mind will give the quality of self-possession to the body. It gives 
ease and grace of manner. The body is an inanimate thing except as 
the mind acts upon it, so that all the body should show must be culti- 
vated in the mind. The difference between boyhood and manhood is 
in manners. We frequently see a manly boy and a boyish man. The 
manly boy has matured faster in mind than in body, while the boyish 
man' has matured faster in body than in mind. How we do like a 
manly boy. He is the one that has been most benefited by his train- 
ing. It is difficult to find a more disgusting or repulsive object than 
a human body without a mind capable of balancing it, as for instance, 
an insane or intoxicated man. The body is never affected except as 
the mind acts upon it. If the mind is uncouth, the body is, in 
appearance, awkward and coarse. Teach the boy these facts. Edu- 
cation in its application to the mind is lacking if the body does not 
respond to its influence. Let the boy feel that you expect his mind to 
govern his body. Teach him that the quality of the mind stamps 
itself upon the face that all who run may read. Teach him that he 
cannot hide his qualities. They are indelibly stamped upon his face. 

To prevent the boy forming bad habits or to break him of bad 
habits it is necessary to appeal to his good sense and his manhood. 
It is entirely useless to cite statistics as to the awful consequences of 
bad habits. You cannot scare him. Remind him that bad habits 
consume energy. Show him how to use his energy to a better purpose- 
Teach him that tobacco and intoxicants stupify the mind. Teach 
him that he will need all the energy and ability he can command to 
compete in the race of life; that he is opposing his own aims. Warn 
him against the reactionary influence of habit on the mind. Teach 
him not to be dependent upon the world, but teach him that the world 
will be dependent upon him. Teach him that he knows better than 
he does; knows better than he tries. Teach him that he must qualify 
to take his place among men. What an influence a good teacher has. 

176 



The one thing is to mold character. All educational work should be 
toward this end. Character is more than the quality of being good. 
It combines all the attributes of a successful life. It is largely that 
which gives healthy influence for good. It is that upon which we 
base a man's value to the community. Book learning is not sufficient. 
L,ife must be learned by coming in touch with the world. Character 
is made up of influences and impressions. The boy's mind is easily 
susceptible to both. All who teach are not teachers. They are often 
only qualified to ask prepared questions and get prepared answers. 
The gifted teacher takes the pupil beyond set lessons. A question out- 
side the lesson will make the pupil think and it will awaken interest. 
You will not find an exception to this among your pupils. The boy 
does not like set duties or routine work. He is often as anxious to 
get away from books as he is to get out of the school room. There is 
a wild side to a boy's nature. He has to be enlightened. I might say 
civilized. His energies must be turned into useful channels. He 
must be made to see this. He must be shown how he can be somebody 
beyond the common herd. The more you reasonably expect of him 
the more he will do for you. He likes responsibility. Carelessness 
appears when responsibility disappears. The best and most lasting 
impressions are made upon the mind when responsibility attends the 
work. Did you ever notice how willingly and faithfully a boy will do 
an errand for you? He is proud of the trust. He is delighted to 
serve you. The same boy will dread and shirk the same duty 
toward his mother, which shows that your influence is sometimes 
greater than the mother's. The school often has more influence than 
the home. When a boy enters your school let him feel that you have 
a regard for him and his rights. In this way you will immediately 
gain his respect and have an influence over him. A physique does 
not count in a teacher. We cannot govern by force. Respect for the 
teacher is the basis of school government. Earnestness, firmness and 
fairness on the part of the teacher will win any boy that is worth win- 
ning. We find the best government in countries where the people are 
best educated, so that government is the result of educational influence 
upon the people. Grant the boy all the privileges he will rightly use. 
Teach him that he must observe the limitations of an order and a 
privilege. Instruction is secondary to discipline. A good disciplina- 
rian is invariably a good teacher. The pupil should fear only lest he 
disappoint the teacher. This should be a holy fear, not a base one. 
He likes honesty, square dealing, and fair treatment. He doesn't want 
any goody, goody methods applied to him. Manhood is only matured 

177 



boyhood. The blending should be so perfect that it is impossible to 
tell where one ends and the other begins. The teacher, in point of 
character, must be all that he would have the boy. Again let me say, 
if the teacher would impart good morals, good conduct and high 
ideals, he must show that he possesses these qualities himself. The 
character of the teacher determines the character of the school, and, 
in conjunction with the home, shapes the character of the boy and the 
future man. Many teachers are mere machines. They possess no 
power in awakening manhood in a boy. My plan is to set aside a 
regular lesson for a few minutes each day and talk upon subjects of 
general interest. Never be prosy and dull. Talk occasionally in a 
vein that will provoke smiles and tears. Teach sentiment and cheer. 
To arouse these feelings is to awaken the best qualities in man's 
nature. I would also talk on the current topics of the day, and here 
is where the newspaper will help you. The newspaper is the great- 
est teacher of the age. Events make history and history educates. 
Why are not the events of to-day just as educating as the events of a 
century or ten centuries ago? The contents of a newspaper cover a 
general and modern education. Teach the boy the significance of our 
flag. Teach him why he should respect it and you will have taught 
him Americanism, which is the best ism in all the world. Interest 
him in biography and you will give him the source of inspiration. 
Relate the characteristics of such men as Franklin and Lincoln, and 
you will give him ideals of manhood. A knowledge of the ac- 
complishments of such men is a spur to ambition, to right living, to 
usefulness, and to a high place in the world. The boy's character is 
developed by right thinking and right doing. It will take all the 
time you have him under instruction to plant in him the seed of man- 
hood. Text-book matter often lacks the germ that produces mental 
growth. It is often dead matter and will not grow in a boy's mind 
any more than last year's corn stalk will grow this year. 

If the mental soil is rightly cultivated, an idea planted in it will 
be as productive of ideas as a grain of corn is productive of grains. 
The harvest will yield a hundred fold. If either the cultivation or 
germ seed are lacking, the harvest is a failure. Give him problems 
outside the arithmetic. Have him construct some of the sentences he 
parses. In this way you will develop ideas. You will teach him to 
think. Education fails if it does not produce such ability. Ideas, 
like matches, sometimes cause great consequences. Every great 
enterprise is the evolution of an idea. All educational and industrial 
progress has been made through the working out of ideas. It does 

178 



you no good to read a book unless from such reading you are enabled 
to evolve original ideas. The mind is not to receive the seed except 
to give forth a harvest. We do not wish to harvest the seed we plant. 
We harvest the product of the seed. A great harvest comes from the 
comparatively few seeds we plant in nature's soil, and it is always the 
choice seeds that we plant. How about the educational seeds you are 
planting? Plant the seed of manhood and you will reap a harvest of 
ideal citizenship. 

Getting the seed from a respected teacher's mind is like a drink 
from a spring — refreshing, invigorating, inspiring. It creates ambi- 
tion, resolve and courage — the mainsprings of an active, useful life. 
Teach the boy to choose a straight track. Show him that all wrecking 
places in human life are found at the crossings, curves, switches, and 
on the side tracks. These subjects all belong to your profession. Our 
civilization has been wrought out of battle and bloodshed, but our 
victories have been humanely creditable and glorious. You are work- 
ing for and in a great cause. You are helping to build citizens of the 
future. — Extract from an address by Charles R. Barrett, before the Cook 
County Teachers' Association. 



179 



CIGARETTES. 



So swift is time that the boys of to-day are to be the men of to- 
morrow, and it concerns the world as to the kind of men they shall be. 
Each boy is a problem unto himself and unto the world. 

The solution lies in developing talent and in making the best use 
of it. Herein lies a strong element of success. Promiscuous compan- 
ionship is one of the dangerous pleasures of boys, and where this dis- 
position is at all strong, habits are generally of a loose and pernicious 
character. It is surprising that boys will acquire a habit and even 
persist in its indulgence when they know it is detrimental to any 
ambition, as they cannot prolong an evil habit without destroying the 
mental activity and development that are the currents of business and 
professional life. 

The most prevalent and destructive habit among boys of to-day is 
the smoking of cigarettes. The cigarette habit is not only a self- 
imposed disease but a deliberate crime. It is unnecessary to warn 
boys against taking deadly poison, but the effect of cigarettes is none 
the less fatal. A boy addicted to the habit does not notice the influ- 
ence the poison has upon his mental and physical being. It makes 
him stupid, but he is not capable of knowing it. When under the in- 
fluence he cannot realize that his mind is dulled. It acts like the 
opium habit and eventually gets complete control of him and weakens 
mind and body. It weakens the blood and the action of the heart 
and undermines the health. Why will boys persist in a habit they 
know retards mental growth and takes a demoralizing hold on life? 
Why will they indulge a habit that destroys the capacity to think and 
even hinders physical activity? If the result of cigarette- smoking 
were suddenly fatal, or believed to be dangerous, it would be discon- 
tinued, but, like all habits that destroy hnman life, it is very cunning 
in its work. It never makes the victim aware of its strength and de- 
ceiving influence, but when it has sapped the life, how proudly it holds 
the wreckage up to public gaze, and then snares another that is sure to 
fall a victim to its devilish plan . 

A cigarette smoker is invariably worthless in school, never an in- 
terested and progressive student. Application is a lost art to him. 

i So 



He is always behind in his work. All that faithful teachers can do 
for him is counteracted by the effect of cigarettes. It is too bad boys 
will not and seemingly cannot see their threatened condition. It is too 
bad they should be willing to sacrifice all benefits for the stupefying 
effects of cigarette poison. 

The world likes a clean, bright, active, manly boy; one that has 
some appreciation of life; one that is interested in acquiring the qual- 
ities that make men; one that can appreciate time and opportunity. 
It enjoys his wholesome sports, his romping, daring nature, his inno- 
cent amusements, but it deplores the habits he so often acquires that 
alienate him from his mother, his home, desirable companions and 
books, all of which are his birthright. Boys, why do you smoke 
cigarettes? You know you derive no benefit from it. You know it is 
injurious to your mind and body. Do you smoke them because they 
are cheap, and you think the habit is manly? Are you unable to ap- 
preciate a clear, active mind? Do you know its value in the world? 
Do you know that human life, rightly used, is the most precious thing 
in the world? Do you know if you were told you should lose your 
life to-morrow you would be likely to die of fright to-day? You 
would be appreciative of living if you could see the end. You would 
not smoke another cigarette if you knew it meant death to you. Are 
you aware that continuing to smoke them will put you in a condition 
that, to the intellectual world, is worse than death? There is nothing 
more pitiable than a weak-minded person, and especially one that has 
brought such a condition upon himself. 

The mistake on the part of boys is in thinking that the indulgence 
of such habits is a harmless pleasure. They are unable to see that 
real pleasure is the product of a well-developed mind, one that is 
directed toward noble living. A smoker of cigarettes is stupid in 
thought. He has no disposition to get hold of life. The easy, de- 
pendent way is his way. He has no appreciation of the qualities and 
influence of manhood. All that people do and are is through acquired 
habit, and the quality of the habit determines the quality of the man. 
He is free to do as he pleases with the tastes he acquires. Each is 
presumed to have a distinct individuality. He may, by practice, learn 
to do many things that nature does not designate, but if he violates 
nature's laws he is obliged to suffer for it. Nature distinguishes be- 
tween man and animals by giving man the possibility of a superior 
intellectuality, and at the same time leaving him an entirely free will. 
Our usefulnesss is determined by our tastes. If the tastes are whole- 
some and well developed, we find they give us the qualities of useful- 

181 



ness and the higher aims of life. If pernicious in any particular they 
are sure to destroy the possibilities or cause to be neglected the oppor- 
tunities that are likely to come to every well-meaning person. 

The boy who is addicted to the cigarette habit is usually neglect- 
ful of his personal appearance. If he does not show it, it is because 
somebody takes care of him. He rarely has taste in that direction. 
If he has the taste he rarely has the earning capacity to gratify it. 
The promising boy cultivates his mind, is thoughtful of his wearing 
apparel and does not neglect his teeth, and hair, and finger nails. He 
is anxious about the means of self-support. What benefits are derived 
from smoking? None whatever. Who seeks your services because 
you smoke? Nobody. Who thinks more of you because you smoke? 
Nobody. Then are you not foolish to smoke or do anything that de- 
tracts from your value to the world? It makes you dread work. It 
destroys ambition and the energies that belong to a healthy boy. 
That man is strongest mentally and physically, barring infirmities be- 
yond his control, who is freest from dissipation. You know good 
habits command your respect. You know the power of evil habits is 
strong. Some of the greatest minds of the world have surrendered to 
it and are surrendering to it every day. 

Do you want to be somebody? Do you want to get hold of life? 
Do you expect to have the capacity to compete with others in the 
race? Do you think more of a destructive pleasure than you do of a 
good position? Are you willing to sacrifice happiness that you may 
indulge a worthless habit? Do you know that in deliberately weak- 
ening mind and body you are committing a crime ? Do you know the 
difference between bravery and foolhardiness? It is foolhardiness to 
risk opportunity, intellectuality, and life itself without a possible 
chance of reward. This is what you are doing. 

Business men have established the custom of inquiring of the ap- 
plicant for employment if he is addicted to the cigarette habit. If he 
is, he is immediately dismissed from any consideration for the position. 
They want wide-awake, active boys, and to such they offer good 
opportunities for advancement. They know the cigarette smoker has 
not the ability and the energy that are required in mercantile life. 

If you are a cigarette smoker, do you know that you are stupid? 
Do you know that you lack neatness? Do you know that you don't 
like to work ? Do you know that you are ashamed of the habit ? Do 
you know that you do not want your parents to know you have 
acquired the habit ? Do you know it is hard for you to get up in the 
morning ? Do you know you disgrace common sense ? Then why do 

1S2 



you do it ? Do you remember when your mother first discovered that 
you were addicted to the habit ? Do you remember how you tried to 
conceal it from her ? Do you know how she feels ahout it ? Do you 
know how sorry and disappointed she is ? Do you know how proud 
a mother is of a promising boy? Do you know what your mother has 
done for you ? Do you know what she is willing to do for you ? Do 
you know that you cannot love her and smoke cigarettes ? Then why 
do you smoke them ? 

Habit long indulged is powerful, whether the habit is good or 
bad. Some time you may have tried to break away from a bad habit. 
Perhaps from smoking cigarettes. You summoned good resolves. 
You put forth all your energy and strength of character and purpose. 
Did you succeed ? If you did you possess the qualities that will make 
you strong and useful. Many instances are in mind where boys have 
overcome the habit and completely recovered from the effects. It can 
be done by any boy who is willing to accept advice and who has any 
determination. A good suggestion to one disposed to break away 
from the habit would be to smoke one less cigarette each day, until he 
found himself able to dispense with them altogether. It is doubtful 
if any one addicted to the habit can suddenly throw it off, but he can 
gradually do so. It would be a good evidence of character that a boy 
can say he has quit the habit, and he is worthy of commendation 
and congratulation on his rescue. His true friends will be ready to 
extend a hand of cordial support to him in his resolve. Bad habits 
are cowardly things. They are sneaky and vicious. They are unable 
to face manhood and womanhood. They lead you away from your 
mother's teachings. They make you disloyal to your opportunities. 
They delight in breaking mothers' hearts and in destroying human 
lives. Treat them as you would an enemy. They afford deceptive 
pleasures. 

Your mental capacity and conduct are to determine your place in 
the future, and your future depends upon the use you make of the 
present. To resist temptation is an assurance of a manly character. 
To possess and use sach a character is to be a part of the best influence 
in the world. — Charles R. Barrett. 



183 



VALUE OF INFLUENCE AND OPPORTUNITY. 



In order that young men may have the right conception of life and 
how to make life useful, it should first be known that nature does only 
certain things for us. Man gets his education through his personal 
efforts. Nature endows man with a varying amount of brain matter, 
and leaves the development entirely to the individual. Natural 
endowment is that which we inherit from parentage, such as mental 
and physical condition. 

Beyond natural endowment man must take care of himself and 
labor for the education that gives advantage over ignorance. A man 
may carry an education through life without getting a chance to use 
it, but the fault is not in the education. In this case opportunity is 
lacking, and opportunity is not always within man's finding. It comes 
from some outward source. We may work and wait for it and not get 
it. Education, energy, personality and tact are, however, the qualities 
that attract opportunity. To secure a good education and apply it to 
our work is to pay the price of success, but we are not sure to get what 
we pay for. Here is shown the fact that our getting what we pay for 
depends upon opportunity or a force of circumstances. 

It will not do to hold nature responsible for our lack of mental 
development, which we get through education. It may be said that 
many people misunderstand themselves and do not know how to be 
useful, often from lack of education. The great stimulus to effort is 
the hope of success or that something which wins esteem and admira- 
tion. There is sure to be some gain in every failure; some advance- 
ment by the efforts put forth. Experience is always a gain, and it is 
certain to attend disappointed ambition, which is discouragement. 

We are apt to judge ourselves by somebody whose environments 
are not at all similar to ours and thereby discourage our aim and effort. 
Much learning is within our reach that we do not make the least effort 
to get until we are forced to do so. How rarely, too, do we find a 
man who has not drifted more or less and who can say that he is what 
he started out to be. The loss of his father often forces the boy to 
care for himself, and the unexpected circumstances will cause him to 
seek a livelihood in an unexpected way and place. This same boy 
may accomplish more in life by being thrown upon his own resources 

184 



than if he had been aided by his parent. Biography is replete in in- 
stances of this kind. No young man should lessen his desire for 
learning or slacken his interest in the work he is doing in the belief 
that success results wholly from influence or circumstances. 

No man can achieve success through his individual efforts. He 
must depend upon some force, some influence, some help from some 
source, which is circumstantial or providential. There is no such 
thing as a self-made man. When such a claim is boasted, examine 
the capacity and usefulness of the individual and you will discover 
conceit and deception. In such a case opportunity gave him the use- 
ful qualities and whatever ability he displays. The advice generally 
given aspiring young men is to find something to do that suits the 
taste, and then to keep everlastingly at it. They are, of course, ex- 
pected to have a fair amount of intellectuality, which is to be used in 
the performance of the routine duties. This advice is good so far as 
it goes, but there is no denying that we are children of circumstances. 
We do not learn and work because we want to. We do not shape our 
destiny. We do not climb into high places so often as we are pushed 
into them. 

The successful person is unable to tell how he succeeded, but in 
order to give himself full credit he will pretend to know, while in fact 
he could not do it again, nor could some one else with the same capi- 
tal, the same capacity, starting in the same way, in the same place, 
and in the same time accomplish the same ends. Nature never 
intended any two things to be alike, and especially two persons, nor 
will their lives, their environments, their success or failure be alike, 
because no two persons ever came under the same influence or had be- 
hind them the same force of circumstances. 

Success or failure begins at some turn in life. The railroad 
president's success may be attributed to the opportunity he had to get 
a minor position with some railroad company when he was a boy, back 
of which was an influence or force of circumstances that caused him 
to be interested, faithful and resourceful. At that time only one boy 
could be in line for the presidency of the road. The other clerks were 
forced to stay in subordinate places. The boy that eventually won the 
presidency may not have had any more ability than some of the other 
boys, but by the exercise of a force of circumstances he was the 
favored one. Successful men are not willing to admit the points in 
this argument, because to do so would rob them of the estimate men 
put upon their ability, and would show them as standing in a false 
light. No man can tell definitely how to succeed, because no man can 

185 



succeed with the qualities he may acquire through learning and expe- 
rience. There is that force of circumstances that turns these qualities 
in the right direction, independently of ourselves. 

The influence that helps men seems to recognize ability, person- 
ality and tact in the persons it disposes to help. There must be cer- 
tain qualifications to attract influence and circumstances, and the 
young man's efforts must be toward the acquirement of them, but the 
possession and exercise of these qualities will not insure success. An 
opportunity must offer, and the opportunity is the key to the situation. 
Our city affords numerous examples of men of mediocre ability hold- 
ing responsible positions simply because they each chanced to find a 
key that opened the door to opportunity. On the other hand, there 
are any number of men of decided ability and industrious habits walk- 
ing our streets looking for a key, which they may never find. 

Merit does not always win, and cannot be depended upon in com- 
petition with opportunity or a favorable force of circumstances. The 
successful man may tell you, to his satisfaction, just how he won, but 
his example and advice cannot be followed with any certainty of meet- 
ing with similar success. 

It was not particular fitness, but a force of circumstances that 
made a certain man mayor of this city; likewise, another man governor 
of an adjoining state. President Cleveland had his attention called to 
a bright young man who lived in Ottawa, and he gave him the key to 
the office of comptroller of the currency. It could not be shown that 
the young man had any particular fitness for the position. He had 
had no experience in banking, but in the discharge of his official 
duties he was highly successful. In the same way President Mc- 
Kinley handed a like key to a young man, a resident of Evanston, 
whose opportunity, as in the former case, was given in payment for 
political services rendered. 

Who can deny this, and who can say that the present occupant 
of the office is the only man in the country that is fitted for it? There 
are hundreds that could fill it, but they will never get the opportunity, 
and the opportunity is the important thing. Our assistant postmaster, 
with long experience and a splendid record, lacked only political 
activity in securing the promotion to which he was entitled. Another, 
an inexperienced man, got the position by virtue of his having been 
president of an active political club. It was not particular or peculiar 
fitness of the man that secured it. The authority and power conferred 
by the office are often mistaken for ability and fitness. It is so in the 
majority of cases. 

1S6 



The race of life is not always to the swiftest, the brightest, the 
most industrious, the most faithful. Even this combination cannot 
win against opportunity or a force of circumstances. These state- 
ments will not be supported by those who have achieved a degree of 
success, because they will not confess the truth, but the facts should 
pacify deserving men and make the public less severe in its judgment 
of them, and more just in its estimate of the qualities that produce 
success. Opportunity does not always bestow its favors upon the wise, 
the faithful and the honest. It sometimes smiles upon the least worthy. 
Our critics, mostly among our friends, should learn to recognize the 
value of opportunity sometimes occasioned by the success, misfortune, 
promotion, retirement, marriage, or death of another, thereby creating 
a force of circumstances that often exceeds fitness. 

Work on faithfully, honestly and intelligently, young men, and 
watch for opportunity. Perhaps a favorable force of circumstances 
will overtake you. Success is in store for you, if you can find the 
key, which is often found by chance and where least expected. — 
Charles R. Barrett. 



i«7 



HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS. 



Every self-respecting young man hopes to achieve success, whether 
it is a financial, political, professional or social ambition he seeks to 
gratify. A few suggestions may serve a purpose, as we are all guided 
to some degree by the experience and advice of others. 

In the first place let us learn that we may possess knowledge and 
lack wisdom. Wisdom is applied knowledge, which shows that the 
application of knowledge is just as important as the possession of it. 
Our heads may be stored with facts and yet we may be incapable of 
evolving ideas or of expressing them. This is an important point for a 
young man to learn. To have ideas and the ability to express them is 
the soul of intelligence. Our greatest enterprises are merely executed 
ideas. To originate a practical idea is to produce a useful force. 

Test of Learning. 

What we can evolve from our brain is the test of our learning. To 
be prolific of practical ideas is to be useful. The drainage canal was 
once only an idea, which, in executed form, is one of the greatest under- 
takings and accomplishments of the age. The idea has developed into 
a ship canal that connects the great lakes with the gulf of Mexico and 
gives to Chicago the promise of a sanitary condition not dreamed of ten 
years ago. 

Now let us turn to the young man's opportunities as they present 
themselves from day to day and have him understand that his place in 
the world is to be determined largely by his ability. The physical work 
man was doing a few years ago is now being done by machinery, with 
which no man can compete. Look about you and you will find that the 
leaders of enterprises are thinkers or are employing thinkers and paying 
them liberally for their services. If you will examine carefully you will 
find that the majority of those employed at complainingly low wages are 
merely followers of thinkers. 

Take for example the young man who stands behind the counter as 
salesman or accountant. Faithful and honest as he may be, there is 
nothing original required of him, but there is of the man who goes into 
the open market and on his own judgment buys goods that can be handled 
at a profit or who goes on the road and sells them at a profit and from 
year to year controls the patronage of a certain territory. This man is 
worth from $3,000 to $10,000 a year to the employer, whereas the clerk 
behind the counter who sells the goods or records the sale is worth from 
$8 to $15 a week. This clerk does not have to think, as the purchases 

188 



are made for him, the particular goods are selected for his department, 
the price is fixed for him, the advertising is done for him, and even the 
measure is provided for him. 

Should not Complain. 

A young man in such a position has no right to complain if his 
wages are small or his advancement is slow. His services are not valu- 
able. His place can be filled in a day. He does not advance the ideas that 
make his department successful. They are supplied by more valuable 
men. After this young man has had his wages advanced $2 a week he 
will work contentedly for a few months and then will ask for another 
advance. In the meantime has he done anything to merit it beyond 
being faithful in the discharge of the same routine duties ? It is doubt- 
ful if he has. 

Back of the ability to know must be the ability to do. Some men 
possess ability and are honest, but lack energy ; and others possess the 
three qualities but lack executive ability. Combine the four qualities 
and you have a power that commands a price. Advertise for a $l0-a- 
week clerk and you will get hundreds of answers, but advertise for the 
kind of a man to whom you are willing to pay $3,000 to $5,000 a year 
and you will be surprised at how few there are and how rarely they are 
out of employment. 

The employer is a man who has more cares and responsibilities than 
he can discharge, and he looks about him for some one to whom he can 
entrust them. The importance of the cares and responsibilities and the 
ability to discharge them satisfactorily determine the value of the em- 
ploye's services. 

The employer wants men who will take the same interest he takes 
and upon whom he can depend without worrying and without having to 
superintend every detail of the work. He wants those who relieve him 
of anxiety and who show they have originality, discretion, tact, energy 
and adaptability. Such men are always in demand. But how abundant 
are those who can merely execute other men's ideas, the unthinking, 
noncaring underlings in the terrific competition so characteristic of 
American life. 

What to Do. 

When you enter the employ of a business house begin at once to 
familiarize yourself with the scope of the business and show a disposition 
and ability to do more than routine work. Begin by being punctual, 
thoughtful and painstaking and in showing an interest in the arrange- 
ment of things. Study to please those to whom you are responsible and 



you will find them observing and appreciative. You are an individual 
and will never walk in the footsteps of another. No two persons ever 
lived under the same influences, ever contended with the same difficulties, 
nor did they ever achieve the same success. No two pursue exactly the 
same course in life. You will never be the same success or failure that 
some other person has been. The world is developing new types of suc- 
cess every day and in as many directions as earnest, thoughtful and 
energetic men are working. 

Never Shirk Work. 

Don't be afraid of work. There is no success without it. Back of 
your work must be a brain force that distinguishes you from a machine. 
Machines do not evolve ideas, nor do the majority of men. Learn how 
to do business and how to deal with men. Be tactful, which is nothing 
more or less than using common sense and opportunities to the best ad- 
vantage. Recognize the brain competition that is on to-day. Prepare to 
carry an influence into the world. Exercise such tactfulness as will 
draw the world toward you. Study human nature. Be able to deter- 
mine the kind of a man you have to deal with as soon as you come in 
contact with him. If he is ignorant, know how to deal with ignorance. 
If he is intelligent, know how to deal with intelligence. Adapt yourself 
to the conditions before you. In each case strive to please, that each 
person you meet may carry away a favorable impression of you. In this 
way you will acquire a good reputation at a small cost. Remember 
others are not always wrong if they differ with you. Justice is the 
greatest virtue. Therefore, be just. Avoid being unreasonable. Put 
yourself in the other person's place once in a while and judge the situa- 
tion from his point of view. This disposition will develop fairness and 
win friends. 

Read to Keep Posted. 

Read to get facts and from them evolve original ideas. Read the 
newspapers as well as books and magazines. Keep posted on the indus- 
trial, educational, political and social conditions and events of the day. 
Intellectuality will become stamped upon your face, and the bearing that 
should attend a cultured mind will lead you into desirable society, and 
in it you will find an influence that helps secure advancement. 

Take hold as you would if you were a partner and try to feel the 
responsibility he is obliged to assume. Work quietly. Make your work 
count, which is more than most people can do. Prove your capacity and 
somebody will be sure to note it, employ it and reward it. Never be 
satisfied with yourself or your income, but never expect the income to 

190 



equal your earning capacity, as to do so would show a disposition to rob 
the employer of the profit which he is entitled to make on your services. 
He is entitled to a liberal return on the capital invested in the enterprise 
which gives you employment. Every employer is a benefactor. He 
gives others something to do by which means they may gain such a live- 
lihood as their capacity and his business can furnish. 

Responsible for Your Own Salary. 

Don't sit around and wonder why your salary is so small unless you 
are looking for the cause and remedy. To make yourself valuable you 
must be productive of ideas. You must be progressive. You must be 
resourceful. You must be willing to work. There is no exception to 
these rules. They are fixed requirements to test the disposition and 
capacity of the employe. Consider the relation that should exist 
between the employer and yourself. He must be satisfied with your ser- 
vices and he will require that they shall be worth more than they cost 
him. This is exactly as you would have it were the situation reversed. 
Put yourself in the employer's place. Invest your money in an enter- 
prise that necessitates the employment of labor and then look about for 
men in whose qualifications you would have confidence. How critical 
you would be ! 

You must not expect to win promotion standing still. You must 
not expect promotion except through an enlarged knowledge of the busi- 
ness. The employer must have growing men and he cannot afford to 
overlook the increasing value of their services. Be willing to carry the 
responsibilities he imposes upon you from day to day and be thoughtful 
and faithful in the discharge of them regardless of the compensation you 
are receiving for it. If active and intelligent in the discharge of your 
duties yon will be rewarded for it. 

Make Yourself Indispensable. 

If you are getting $10 a week make your services worth $20 to your 
employer. Make them apparently indispensable to him. Make it im- 
possible for him to fill the position to better advantage. Know some- 
thing outside of the business. Keep learning. Keep broadening. Be 
on your guard lest you go to seed at the age of 30 or 40, as most men do, 
and thus be incapable of doing more than routine work. 

The right use of general knowledge will make you courteous in 
manner, neat in appearance, temperate in habits, honest in purpose, just 
in requirements and successful in business. Let such qualities serve 
your opportunities and you will some day discover that you have a sub- 
stantial hold on life, which is the aim of effort and the goal of ambition. 
— Charles R. Barrett. 191 



WOMEN IN BUSINESS. 



The problem of life is of equal importance to men and women. Its 
solution lies in the ability and opportunity to get a living. However 
selfish men may be, they must concede the fact that labor is honorable to 
both sexes and that its advantages may be shared in proportion to the 
ability of each to engage in it. Mercenary motives are back of all em- 
ployment of labor ; as long as men are mercenary and selfish they will 
strive to get as much work as possible for the least compensation, and 
will, therefore, always include women in the working force. 

Woman's Right to Work. 

Thousands of women in our city are obliged to work, and do so, it 
is true, in direct competition with certain classes of men ; but if they are 
obliged to earn their living and the opportunity is offered them, should 
they be so unselfish, so self-sacrificing, so humane to the mediocre class 
of men as to relinquish all rights to a means of support ? What would 
these men have them do ? They must admit that women have a right to 
live ; as nature has not made special provision for them in the way of 
food, clothing, shelter and the desired comforts of life, who can deny 
that they should be permitted to secure the same necessaries to an exist- 
ence that are required by men ? 

The average young woman seeking commercial employment is just 
as well qualified for the position, barring a few disadvantages of her sex, 
as is the average young man. The fact is the average boy or young man 
between the ages of fifteen and thirty years has no particular qualifica- 
tions to recommend him for the position he seeks or holds. The bare 
necessities of a living keep him at work. He has very little ambition 
beyond the needs of the day. 

Competent Men Secure. 

A competent or ambitious man is not troubled about the competition 
of female labor. He knows that women can never hope to secure the 
most desirable positions in our mercantile, banking, insurance and man- 
ufacturing concerns. He knows that woman's work must forever be 
routine ; that she is not original or progressive beyond immediate de- 

192 



mands of an ever limited future. He knows that she knows she can 
never get positions or offices of trust and responsibility, because the 
business world will always look upon her work as temporary. She is 
obliged to accept less compensation than given to men for the same work, 
because of the prejudice against her and of the transient nature of her 
services. Marriage to a young man means greater responsibilities and 
larger expenses, and these forces tend to make him ambitious, and in 
consequence, his services are more valuable to the employer, whereas in 
most cases with women, marriage is, and in all cases should be, occasion 
of her resignation. Men of business capacity are not concerned about 
the encroachment of women upon their so-called rights. The capable 
young man of to-day need not be daunted by any sort of competition, 
because opportunities are numerous, capital is liberal to the right quali- 
fications and business men are continually needing superior assistants. 

Men Have Better Chance. 

My experience of twenty years in this city in preparing young men 
and young women for business pursuits enables me to speak from per- 
sonal knowledge, and I find that there are numerous opportunities for 
young men to start far in the lead of young women, although they are 
rarely ever prepared to do so. If he is not qualified beyond his competi- 
tors, how can he expect to avoid the competition to which he objects, or 
how can he expect to command higher compensation for the same quality 
and quantity of routine work ? 

Let the young men wake up and realize that they must pay the price 
of better opportunities ; that women are in the business world to stay ; 
that they are entitled to the right to make a living. If the woman is 
close upon the man's heels, it is his fault, not hers. It is claimed that a 
great many young women who are not obliged to do so from stress of 
circumstances are holding commercial positions. I doubt it. I believe 
very few would make the preparation and bear the attending expense 
unless the necessity of making a living forced them to do so. 

Women's Ideal is Home. 

Woman's ideal of life is not to be found in the business world. Her 
ideal is to be found in the home or in the accomplishment of some art. 
Women would die broken-hearted if they did not hope beyond the 
drudgery of the position of clerk, cashier, bookkeeper or stenographer. 
Let the young men prepare for such positions as young women hold in 
the world of trade, but let them develop ability to do a higher order of 
work after a little experience, and they will not suffer from the present 

i93 



competition. Competent women, however, need not fear that the com- 
mercial world will not want their services in the future. The incom- 
petent ones have ground for real apprehension. The men who are fearful 
of female competition fail to appreciate American opportunities. 

Every mercantile house, every bank, insurance, railroad and news- 
paper office, every manufacturing establishment, every library — in fact, 
wherever employment is offered in this country — employment is given to 
women. It cannot be that all these lines have made a mistake and have 
just discovered it. There is no more likelihood of a general dismissal of 
women from these positions than there is of discontinuance of the enter- 
prises themselves. 

Competition is Close. 

Many of the schools that profess to train young men and young 
women for business fall far short of their claims. They teach a little of 
debit and credit, and a little about the mechanical form of letters, whereas 
they should teach what business requires and how it shall be done. It 
is a secondary matter to know how to record a business transaction. 
The schools do not give to young men any broader knowledge of indus- 
trial affairs than to young women, and they start out in life with about 
the same ability, which partly accounts for the close competition between 
the sexes. 

The encroachment of women upon men's work is no greater than 
men's encroachment upon women's. What line of work may woman 
claim as exclusively her own ? She has been robbed of the dressmaking 
and millinery business, cooking, hair dressing and manicuring. It is a 
case of blow for blow, but to my surprise it is the men who are complain- 
ing. She has with courage and marked ability entered the fields of law, 
medicine, art and literature, in all of which she has achieved success. 
She has never asked for an exclusive field in which to show the world 
what she can do alone. She has met competition fairly and courageously. 

Credit Due Women. 

I am willing that women should have a chance to earn a living when 
circumstances make it necessary that they should. I have no desire to 
see them dismissed from any line of respectable employment. I honor 
the woman who is qualified and is willing to work, not only for herself, 
but, in many cases within my personal knowledge, for others dependent 
upon her, and I would advise the scared and complaining men to qualify 
for a higher order of work, of which there is an abundance beyond the 
ambition of women. — Charles R. Barrett, in Chicago Daily News. 

194 



THE PRESS AS AN EDUCATOR. 



I purpose to speak to you to-day on the subject of education in 
general and the value of the newspaper in educational work in particular. 

A school is a place where knowledge is imparted, where the mind 
is disciplined, where one not only learns how to make a living, but how 
to live. The fact that you are attending an educational institution is 
evidence of your interest in educational matters. I am interested not only 
in general education, but in specific education, and so have selected the 
topic 'The Press as an Educator,' for our great dailies, dealing with every 
phase of human life, afford instruction of a general and specific nature. 

People having the advantages of a good newspaper are most intel- 
ligent, because they live in a larger sphere of human activity. We are 
not educated if we do not know the world and something of the people 
in it. The events arising out of the intercourse of peoples and nations 
are necessary to the man of general knowledge. I cannot think of a 
department of human knowledge that the modern newspaper does not 
cover. A newspaper is a business enterprise, and at the same time the 
greatest educator of the age. Men in the industrial world are largely 
dependent upon the press for a knowledge of supply and demand. It 
informs them of the conditions of trade in its various departments in all 
countries of the world. We are made familiar with conditions and sur- 
roundings of the people of our own city, state and country. We are- 
also brought into intimate knowledge with peoples of the remotest parts 
of the globe. Thus our minds are enlarged and our sympathies broadened. 

However valuable the press may be to the commercial world, it is 
equally valuable as a censor of morals. I believe it was Napoleon the 
great who said he feared one newspaper more than ten thousand bayonets. 
So the wrongdoer fears the newspaper more than he fears courts and 
prisons. If he could spend his prison term in secrecy he would not feel 
so keenly his disgrace — now do not misunderstand me, the real crime is 
in the act — but I do believe a criminal fears publicity more than he 
fears the punishment the law inflicts. There are many followers of 
Comus in the world and to them the newspaper is ' the babbling morn.' 
Prevention is better than cure. I maintain, therefore, that the press is 
the greatest moral agent. Many, I am aware, will not agree with me. 
It has been said the press has a tendency to degrade because it gives the 
world accounts of crime, but I believe an account of crime, if properly 
used, is educational, for we are taught how hazardous it is to allow evil 
thoughts to linger in the mind. 

Reading is a source of education. If it is your desire to know the 
motives underlying human life study the works of Shakespeare ; if to 

i95 



develop inspiration read biography ; if to develop imagination read 
novels and poetry ; if to know about this every-day world of ours, the 
principal every-day events growing ou^ of industrial, political and edu- 
cational life, read the newspapers. 

Every day the press gives us a summarized history of the world. 
Through reproductions we are made familiar with the masterpieces of 
art, an educational advantage very few of us would have were it not for 
the newspapers. Through reproduction we are made familiar with the 
faces of the leading personages of the world. Modern biography is also 
an important part of a practical education. We all should know more 
or less about the prominent people of our day, who they are, to what 
country they belong, what they have done to win reputation, in what 
particular field they acquired fame, what influence they have exerted — 
all a part of our education and all gained from the press. If I were to 
be confined to one source for an education that would be a passport 
among men, I should choose the press ; for I should have an opportunity 
of being in school all my life. If it were not for the press the majority 
of people would end their school days with the public school course. 
What a condition would be upon us if the knowledge gained from the 
newspapers were to be denied us ! How lost we should feel ! What 
discomforts, what hardships it would impose upon our intellectual being! 
As it is we communicate with the world every day. Its industrial and 
social conditions are made known to us through the columns of the press. 
We must recognize in the newspaper a medium that brings us in touch 
with the world every twenty-four hours. 

The readers of the press are divided into many classes and each 
class finds matter to its liking. The Christian believer and worker finds 
his sphere of activity fully represented. Liberal space is devoted to the 
events in political, professional, industrial, art, music and literary circles. 
The press undertakes to attract people and gives distinct space to each 
class of matter. If the reader is not interested in sporting matters, the 
reports from such sources are not forced upon his attention, nor does the 
sporting character have to read the general news to get the information 
he may specially seek. 

As the press is intended to cover the whole field of human activity 
and to present current events without prejudice for the sole purpose of 
giving its readers all the news from all sources, I do not see upon what 
rational ground the modern newspaper is open to criticism. The press 
does not create news ; it merely reports it. 

Books contain fixed knowledge, such as have grown out of events. 
At one time the battle of Gettysburg was only the event of a da}', but 

196 



since then it has become an historical fact. It was of most interest to 
the public when first chronicled in a newspaper account. The news- 
paper gives us matter fresh from the field of life. It enables us to judge 
prospects by the daily happenings about us. Nothing has contributed 
more to man's advancement, nothing within my knowledge of things is 
more necessary, no enterprise of which I know so completely commands 
my admiration and respect as a good newspaper. I have to consider that 
person inseparably attached to the past without interest in the present or 
future of worldly affairs, who does not appreciate the need and value of 
the press. Lectures, addresses, sermons and discourses of all characters by 
prominent thinkers in the different walks of life are chronicled to the world. 

It is when we turn to the editorial page that we find the brains of 
the newspaper. This is the page on which the most important events 
are interpreted. Here are summed up the conclusions that may justly be 
reached from a digest of the events presented in the news columns. It 
stands to reason that the press should have the best interest of the com- 
munity at heart, and that it should treat public questions and conditions 
intelligently. 

I venture to say that during the year about to close there has not 
been an editorial in any of our great dailies that has been contrary to 
public policy. These editorials are always on the side of honest adminis- 
tration of city, state and national government. Men of good and bad 
influence in high and low places are brought to public view. The press 
is a searchlight on all public servants. It tells the whole world the char- 
acter of public men and how they are performing their duties. News- 
paper men as fully comprehend their mission in the world of enterprise, 
and they come as near meeting the requirements of individuals, as any 
class of men that endeavor to benefit the world. They are constantly on 
the alert lest the public weal shall suffer. 

The press encourages man in everything but folly and evil. It 
conducts a great school. Its doors are open day and night for the better- 
ment of the poor and ignorant, the rich and the wise. It encourages 
enterprise. It is rarely pessimistic. It often gives warning of threaten- 
ing conditions, which is only to safeguard the people. It brings its 
reports always within the range of fallible human skill. The better a 
person knows the world under the conditions of his time the more intel- 
ligent and the more capable he is. He cannot get the every-day intelli- 
gence from books, because they contain records of events that are past ; 
so he is obliged to turn to the newspapers for the knowledge he must 
have of existing conditions that affect his interests in whatever line he 
mav be engaged. 

197 



Civilization is enlightenment and enterprise. Our social and in- 
dustrial bodies are guided by newspaper influence. The press represents 
public interests, so that no organization is secure in its discharge of 
private or public trusts that does not meet the approval of the press. 
The press, to a very great degree, molds public opinion and public taste. 
It is the representative of the people. 

The press wants to be and usually is on the right side of public 
questions and public interests and that is where we find the best people. 
The most successful man is the most useful man. I do not know of a 
more useful man than he who defines the policy of a good newspaper. 

It is impossible to fix the educational limitations of the press. 
They are as wide and varied as human affairs. Some people think it 
goes too far in dealing with matters of private concern. Newspaper 
notoriety is either favorable or unfavorable to the persons involved, just 
as their conduct has been good or bad. There is always some reason for 
the report. It is advisable that the public should know the character of 
individuals, otherwise we should know only those of our personal 
acquaintance. Without the press we should know practically nothing 
about living statesmen, philanthropists, capitalists, educators, artists, 
musicians, authors, scientists, explorers, sportsmen, criminals or an- 
archists — the characters that are valuable and objectionable to society 
and civilization. Through the press the accomplishments of the men 
and women who constitute these different classes are made known to 
millions, as have been Carnegie's munificence and Czolgosz' crime. 

Chicago is the news center of the United States. Its press service 
is the best in the world. In completeness of news, in the mechanical 
arrangement and appearance of the papers, in the editorial treatment of 
political, industrial, social and economic questions as they affect the 
world in general, in the conception and execution of newspaper art and 
enterprise, I believe the Chicago newspapers are without superiors. But 
I should not be personal, as I am speaking of newspapers in general. I 
have included all papers that stand for right principles, for the enact- 
ment and enforcement of good laws and for good government. 

Teachers and students, I recognize your high purpose in life, your 
desire to know the world as it is shaped by natural causes and by the acts 
of mankind. These purposes and desires are influenced by conditions. 
A knowledge of these conditions is acquired through experience and 
news channels. You must know the world beyond your seeing and 
hearing it. I earnestly commend to you the regular and the careful 
reading of a modern newspaper. — Charles R. Barrett, in an address 
to the teachers a?id students of The Athenaeum. 

198 



OBJECT OF EDUCATION. 



Many persons mistake the object of education. They seem to 
think that education is something to be kept in store. The advantage 
of education is in the use of it. Persons of little education are often 
of more use in the world than college graduates. Education should 
be a passport through life. It should so reveal itself in manners as 
to make a man appear a man. If it does not, the value of an educa- 
tion is lost. Through the exercise of the graces we should acquire 
by education, we convey good impressions to those with whom we come 
in contact, whether in society or in every-day life. 

Respect, courtesy, patience, sympathy and influence are the im- 
portant qualities we should acquire and exercise as the result of edu- 
cation. The person who does not care to make such appearance as 
becomes his station in life bears the stamp of ignorance. Care of the 
hair, the teeth, the nails and the general attire are marks of the edu- 
cational influence we enjoy. They indicate our regard for the opin- 
ions and impressions of others. Such thoughtful persons win the 
esteem of inferiors and superiors. These are winning points in the 
game of life. 

In the games of baseball, football, golf and tennis, how carefully 
the players watch and exercise every vantage point. How carefully 
the individual football player is trained in the development of skill ; 
but headball is a greater game than football. It requires closer appli- 
cation, greater energy, a longer struggle and the reward is correspond- 
ingly greater. The player at sport will take a hint, will often 
originate playing points and apply them to the game with all the 
energy of mind and body. 

The same person, playing the game of life, may be dull and care- 
less when judged by the employer. He will lack punctuality, in- 
dustry, interest and appearance, when he must know that his means of 
existence and happiness depend upon his observance of the playing 
points in the game, in which the rewards are numerous, liberal and 
permanent. Here is where he plays in the arena and before the spec- 
tators of life, where real honors may be won, and where the victory is 
worth the struggle. Here he learns the weakness and the strength of 
men. 

The young man of neat appearance, good manners, who is care- 
ful and energetic in his work and watchful of opportunities will sooner 

199 



or later be in line and a force in the affairs of men. Responsibilities 
are being shifted every day from old to young shoulders. The young 
shoulders must be prepared to carry the weight of responsibility, but 
such strength cannot be acquired in a day. It results from long and 
severe training, which many are not disposed to undergo. They are 
satisfied with transient and temporary returns. They do not realize 
that true happiness attends the efforts toward and the accomplishment 
of high aims. That man is happiest who finds pleasure in his work. 
In this way he contributes happiness and value to the world. The 
most useful man is the best man. 

The young man must be content to work through the dark into 
the light of life. He must so love his work that he will perform the 
drudgery that enters into it. This shows the disposition to dig deep 
with patience and fortitude, which he must do if he would gratify aims 
that cannot possibly be greatei than the comfort and happiness that at. 
tend good citizenship. Happiness should and does attend every stage 
of life. It will not do to crowd it into a short period, as many try to 
do. There is the happiness of boyhood, of young manhood, of mid- 
dle age, and of old age. 

We should garner our mental and physical resources in such 
order that the distribution of happiness shall be even through each 
stage; but to do this the child must store for the boy, the boy for the 
young man, the young man for the matured man, and the matured 
man for the old man. Each stage of man should store for the suc- 
ceeding stage, which will demand all the resources of mind and body 
it is possible to acquire. We are disposed to live a haphazard, chance 
life, without purpose, without aim. 

Tact is the art of using knowledge to the best advantage. It is 
lubrication to the wheels of life. It underlies a knowledge of human 
nature. It is a great working force. It is a quality that should apply 
in the home, in business and in society. The tactful person does and 
says the right thing at the right time. He pleases without sacrificing 
any interest he may represent. He apparently acts without acting 
and does without doing. He can decline and refuse more graciously 
than others can accept or give. He is pleasing. He wins friends, 
opportunities and advantages. Tact is a grace born of education. 

— Charles R. Barrett. 



SOCIETY AND CULTURE. 



Comparatively few persons possess the gifts' that adorn the true 
home and good society; yet such gifts are not specially difficult of at- 
tainment. They embody good taste, agreeable manners, neat appear- 
ance, conversational powers, and tact. 

Such a person is admired on all occasions. He impresses with his 
stability and entertains with his knowledge and manner. He is in- 
telligent, dignified, cheerful, and witty. He is a good listener as well 
as a good talker. He can tell and appreciate a good story. He can 
put all at ease about him and is a positive relief in many situations. 
He is never self-conscious, so that he is never bigoted or tiresome. 
He is well posted on the news of the day, knows something about the 
latest popular novel, though he may not have read it, and is familiar 
with the leading magazine articles, so that he is ever ready to intro- 
duce topics of conversation and to discuss them intelligently. 

Woman leads in the ability to entertain by personal charm. She 
can talk without a subject and laugh at nothing. Her smile is capti- 
vating and manners gracious. Station, wealth, learning and beauty 
are her individual and collective qualities in winning admiration. The 
possession of one or all of these attractive qualities are to be attended 
by the additional charm of self-possession, which she shares with all 
about her. 

Society is not void of good people, good manners and commenda- 
ble conduct, as some shut-outs would have us believe. Society offers 
the best possible training to the mind and body, in that it gives to 
each the arts of ease, grace and confidence. It puts a finish on educa- 
tion and shapes manners beyond what is possible to do in any other 
way or place. It puts the individual in a good mood and develops in 
him gentleness of manner and consideration for others. 

Both sexes are put on their guard against any conduct that might 
appear improper. Society expects them to leave their bad manners 
and long faces at home, where these obnoxious qualities are altogether 
too common. All should commend such association of the sexes as is 
found at the table, in the parlor, in the school, in the ballroom, in the 
theatre and in the church. Society has more good to its credit than 
has ever been posted. It can show a most creditable balance in its 
favor for the good it has accomplished. 



Away with much of the narrowness we find in the expressions of 
the shallowness of society and the characters composing it. We do 
not go into society to present weighty ideas or to consider industrial or 
professional latitudes. Society is where we put off the cares of life 
and put on the appearance of comfort and happiness for the purpose of 
enjoyment. It is where we make social friends and enemies and invite 
compliments and criticism, according as we please or displease those 
who judge us. 

Moderation is advised in the indulgence of society's pleasantries, 
less the excess, even of the good, shall become abuse of time, health 
and morals. Even the sensible luxuries of society often appear ex- 
travagant, yet the desire to enjoy its benefits is commendable and 
should be gratified as far as time and means will permit. 

True womanhood is man's best company. The three best things 
in the world are women, flowers and music, because the best influences 
attend them and emanate from them. While society may not be free 
from tainted characters, it cannot be said that more than a small part 
is questionable. Where persons are questionable in society they are 
also questionable in their homes, so that the bad is found with the 
good in all places, not alone in society. Give the sexes association as 
found in good society and no harm will result any more than in the 
home, the school or the church. 

Men and women go into society for the pleasures of association 
and to learn. Society has no occupation. It is an influence, out of 
which the individual member may get good or bad, as his dominant 
taste may want. The etiquette of good society is culture. Society 
observes fashion and decrees a high standard of taste and conduct. 
Society is the birthplace cf many of the fine qualities of men and 
women. — Charles R. Barrett. 



WHY SOME SUCCEED. 



Character, ability, and opportunity constitute the elements of suc- 
cess. Two of these elements are possible of acquirement and have 
much to do with winning the third. That the supply of character 
and ability is always in excess of opportunity's need is a discouraging 
fact to the ambitious person. There is, of course, an advantage, re- 
gardless of the influence they may have with opportunity, in possess- 
ing character and ability. The possession of them is always worth 
the cost. They secure honorable recognition in the ranks. 

Success, as nowadays estimated, is possible only to the few. This 
may be illustrated by comparing life with a ladder. There can be no 
reason for your climbing to the second round of the ladder until some- 
one is ready to take your place on the first round. There is no way of 
estimating the difference in the positions or the difference in the men 
filling them except by the round of the ladder occupied. The highest 
position is the best one. In the estimation of the many only the man 
on the top round is a success. The bottom round will accommodate 
thousands of men, but the accommodations grow less and less with 
each succeeding round, and on the top there is room for only one man 
at a time. 

In the various vocations of life it is only on the top round that 
man is crowned with the glory of success, and he may hold this posi- 
tion for many years. Then what opportunity have the men on the 
lower rounds? In this illustration the supply is greater than oppor- 
tunity can use, and those both qualified and deserving have to be 
content in minor places for lack of opportunity. If success were pos- 
sible to everyone it would not be possible to anyone. The success of 
one man often rests upon the failure of another. Opportunity is 
graded upon the plan of the earth — stratum on stratum. Each stratum 
does not stand upright. Therefore each man of equal character and 
ability has not an equal chance. 

Success gets such a high rating that it is beyond the reach of all 
the individuals worthily seeking it. Where one succeeds thousands 
go down unknown and unnumbered, yet they all possessed the requis- 
ite character and ability. The only thing lacking was opportunity. 
It is easy for the successful man to tell how he succeeded and how 
others may succeed. He usually gives all the credit to himself — to 

203 



his fine character and superior ability. He gives no credit to oppor- 
tunity. When opportunity wants a man of attainments for a certain 
place she usually makes a selection from a number equally eligible. 
There is need for only one and three are waiting. The one chosen is 
considered a success. The remaining two step back to the old round, 
taking possibly a little firmer footing, but opportunity is gone. If she 
calls again they may be too old to respond. The good fortune then 
falls to the one on the round below the two. The two men passed by 
would have adorned the position to which their ambition led them. 
Here is the fate of many a worthy man, who dies almost within reach 
of deserved honor and fame. From this fact it can be seen that it 
shall be the fate of many worthy men to live without public reward. 
It is, however, to the credit of our homes, our schools, and our 
country that the supply of worthy and capable men is greater than 
the need. 

The qualifications that justify attainment of high places should 
be the equivalent of success. Hamilton, Webster, Blaine, and Reed 
were great men, qualified for the greatest honors it is possible to win 
under our form of government, yet opportunity did not call them to 
the highest station of their fitness and ambition. Opportunity's 
needs are too limited to gratify all the capable men of our country. 
As long as success consists in getting the highest position in some vo- 
cation, opportunity will be the controlling element in the success of 
men. Opportunity calls men, and opportunity determines who shall 
wear the crown. — Charles R. Barrett. 



POINTS ON CORRESPONDENCE. 



Commercial correspondence affords men superior opportunities to 
exercise a combination of talents. It calls into use the qualities gained 
through education. Every man of standing in the business world 
must take part in the exchange of commodities and values between 
producer and consumer. This relation requires a knowledge of the 
various kinds of communication intended to serve the purpose of get- 
ting and holding patronage. A thousand commercial letters are 
written to day where one was written ten years ago, thus calling into 
service an army of correspondents, stenographers and mailing clerks, 
whose work plays an important part in the world of trade. 

It requires an able man to conduct business correspondence, a fact 
made evident by the character of many of the men now employed in 
this capacity. It is difficult to describe the qualities of a good corre- 
spondent sufficiently well to show all the ability the position demands. 
In the first place, though it is hardly necessary to state it, the corre- 
spondent should possessa thorough knowledge of spelling, capitaliza- 
tion, punctuation and grammatical construction. 

Next in order is the ability to use language in a clear and concise 
manner, making all important points prominent, knowing, too, that 
ideas should precede language. No correspondent can express himself 
clearly and briefly unless he has a clear conception of what he has to 
say. One of the first things to have in mind is a full comprehension 
of the situation to be treated. Unless this is possible to the corre- 
spondent, he will repeat minor points and omit important ones. 

As most correspondence nowadays is typewritten, the correspond- 
ent should be aided by intelligent stenographers, who are familiar 
with all the minor points enumerated and with the mechanical arrange- 
ment of the matter. The correspondent should be diplomatic, that he 
may not antagonize the various natures with which the interests he 
represents bring him in contact. He should be firm, yet gentle, 
showing the combined instincts of a thorough business man and a 
gentleman. He should be familiar with trade in general, with the in- 
ducements offered by the class of goods he handles, the prices, terms, 
and shipping facilities, all of which are sure to be subjects of inquiry, 
discussion and comparison, oftentimes leading to intricate and 
lengthy correspondence. 

205 



Iii every case the good correspondent will show a disposition to 
please, in order that he may get and keep patronage, settle differences, 
present suggestions, acknowledge courtesies, jog delinquents, and in 
every way aid in the development and maintenance of the enterprise. 
Of course the duties vary in the different lines of commercial life, so 
that set rules cannot be laid down for strict observance. The higher 
the character of the correspondence the greater the responsibility of the 
correspondent, who reveals his personal character and the character of 
his employer by the manner in which he writes and the methods he 
adopts for the attainment of his purpose. 

The correspondent is constantly in danger of being narrow in the 
exercise of his judgment and prolific in the use of words, each in it- 
self a great fault. He should not indulge in profanity, wit or sarcasm. 
To do so may gratify him, but it is apt to react in ill feeling and loss 
of patronage. System and promptness are living essentials to his 
office. Dignity, respect, courtesy, honesty and fairness should charac- 
terize the tone of all his letters. He should avoid threats, harshness, 
excuses and apologies, except when positively necessary to the case in 
in hand. 

If troubled in the matter of fluency, it is either because he is not 
sufficiently familiar with the details of his office or is lacking the ex- 
perience or scholarship necessary for easy and accurate expression. 
Many correspondents do not know that strength of language lies in 
the use of small words and that the use of simple language indicates 
a larger vocabulary and more ability on the part of the writer than the 
use of long words and long sentences. The aim should be to express 
not only clearly but forcibly the meaning. The concise writer will 

say: "I wish information regarding Mr. ." The wordy writer 

will say: " I am desirous of ascertaining some information relative to 
Mr. ." 

Greatness is simplicity and simplicity is greatness. Don't try to 
disguise the fact that a spade is a spade. Don't use a word of two or 
three syllables when a word of one syllable will answer the purpose. 
Employ nouns in apposition and phrases to save the use of so many 
predicates. These suggestions are specially applicable to commercial 
correspondence, where brevity and clearness are particularly desirable. 

— Charles R. Barrett. 



206 



DEC 30 1903 



